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bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy

General Material Information

Preferred name bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy
Trivial Name Oils, bergamot, psoralen-free
Short Description volatile oil obtained from the peel of citrus aurantium bergamia, rutaceae, bergaptene reduced
CAS Number 68648-33-9
FEMA Number 2153
ECHA Number 296-429-8
FDA UNII Search
FDA Patent No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm 8007-75-8 ; BERGAMOT, OIL (CITRUS AURANTIUM L. SUBSP. BERGAMIA WRIGHT ET ARN.)
Synonyms
  • bergamot B.F oil organic
  • bergamot EO-hiXform
  • bergamot ess. oil (for fragrance) (Robertet)
  • bergamot essential oil BF
  • bergamot italy BF essential oil
  • bergamot oil bergaptene free italy
  • bergamot oil (bergaptene free) italy, calabria organic
  • bergamot oil B.F.
  • bergamot oil bergaptene free
  • bergamot oil bergaptene free FCC
  • bergamot oil bergaptene reduced
  • bergamot oil bergaptene reduced (citrus aurantium var. bergamia wright et arn.) italy
  • bergamot oil italian bergaptene free
  • bergamot oil psoralen reduced italy
  • bergamot oil rectified ivory coast
  • bergamot oil, B.F.
  • bergamot oil, bergaptene free colorless
  • bergamot orange oil bergaptene reduced italy
  • bergamote SS bergaptene deco eo
  • bergamote SS bergaptene ess select 01
  • citrus aurantium bergamia peel oil psoralen reduced italy
  • citrus aurantium var. bergamia peel oil bergaptene reduced italy
  • citrus bergamia peel oil psoralen reduced italy
  • citrus x bergamia peel oil psoralen reduced italy
  • oil bergamot italian rectified, furo coumarin reduced
  • volatile oil obtained from the peel of citrus aurantium bergamia, rutaceae, bergaptene reduced
  • citrus × bergamia peel oil bergaptene reduced
  • Oils, bergamot, psoralen-free
  • Bergamot oil, psoralen free

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Literature & References

citrus × bergamia peel oil bergaptene reduced
Canada Domestic Sub. List:68648-33-9
Pubchem (sid):135362701
Publications by PubMed
Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application.
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) Flavonoids and Their Potential Benefits in Human Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis: an Overview.
The essential oil of Citrus bergamia Risso induces vasorelaxation of the mouse aorta by activating K(+) channels and inhibiting Ca(2+) influx.
In vitro effect of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) juice against cagA-positive and-negative clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori.
Effects of bergamot ( Citrus bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn.) essential oil aromatherapy on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and salivary cortisol levels in 41 healthy females.
Effect of Citrus bergamia juice on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in metastatic xenograft models.
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ion-trap TOF-MS for the fast characterization of flavonoids in Citrus bergamia juice.
Mechanisms underlying the anti-tumoral effects of Citrus Bergamia juice.
Citrus bergamia Risso Elevates Intracellular Ca (2+) in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells due to Release of Ca (2+) from Primary Intracellular Stores.
In vitro activity of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) oil against clinical isolates of dermatophytes.
Protective effects of an extract from Citrus bergamia against inflammatory injury in interferon-γ and histamine exposed human keratinocytes.
In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of Citrus bergamia essential oil and its major components.
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines.
Citrus bergamia juice: phytochemical and technological studies.
Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety-related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats.
Antiviral activity of seed extract from Citrus bergamia towards human retroviruses.
Selective removal of monoterpenes from bergamot oil by inclusion in deoxycholic acid.
Proline derivatives in fruits of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit): presence of N-methyl-L-proline and 4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine.
In vitro photo-induced cytotoxic activity of Citrus bergamia and C. medica L. cv. Diamante peel essential oils and identified active coumarins.
Action spectrum for bergamot-oil phototoxicity measured by sunburn cell counting.
Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau juice protects against renal injury of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats.
Phototoxic properties of perfumes containing bergamot oil on human skin: photoprotective effect of UVA and UVB sunscreens.
Implication of limonene and linalyl acetate in cytotoxicity induced by bergamot essential oil in human neuroblastoma cells.
In vitro photostability and photosensitizing properties of bergamot oil. Effects of a cinnamate sunscreen.
Bergamot essential oil differentially modulates intracellular Ca2+ levels in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: a new finding seen with fura-2.
Phototumorigenesis studies of 5-methoxypsoralen in bergamot oil: evaluation and modification of risk of human use in an albino mouse skin model.
[Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs].
Statin-like principles of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia): isolation of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl flavonoid glycosides.
Effects of rootstock on the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil.
Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests.
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts as γ-globin gene expression inducers: phytochemical and functional perspectives.
High quality bergamot oil from Greece: Chemical analysis using chiral gas chromatography and larvicidal activity against the West Nile virus vector.
[Toxic mustard plaster dematitis and phototoxic dematitis after application of bergamot oil].
Evaluation of phototoxic and photogenotoxic risk associated with the use of photosensitizers in suntan preparations: application to tanning preparations containing bergamot oil.
Genotoxicity of bergapten and bergamot oil in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Pectin methylesterase in Citrus bergamia R.: purification, biochemical characterisation and sequence of the exon related to the enzyme active site.
Comparison of the volatile constituents in cold-pressed bergamot oil and a volatile oil isolated by vacuum distillation.
The photochemistry and photobiology of bergamot oil as a perfume ingredient: an overview.
Local sensitization of the skin to Grenz rays by bergamot oil.
The protective effect of bergamot oil extract on lecitine-like oxyLDL receptor-1 expression in balloon injury-related neointima formation.
Combination of supercritical CO2 and vacuum distillation for the fractionation of bergamot oil.
Toxic profile of bergamot essential oil on survival and proliferation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
Hypolipidemic effects of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau juice in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.
Distribution of flavonoids and furocoumarins in juices from cultivars of Citrus bergamia Risso.
Chemical and biological diversity of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) in relation to environmental factors.
A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. II. Factors which affect the phototoxic reaction induced by bergamot oil and psoralen derivatives.
Study of the extraction procedure by experimental design and validation of a LC method for determination of flavonoids in Citrus bergamia juice.
[Contact dermatitis caused by bergamot oil].
Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth.
Characterization of flavonoids and pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction.
[Chemical composition of the endocarpus of the fruit of bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso)].
[The zinc oxide and bergamot oil gingival dressing and rationale of its preparation].
[EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GINGIVAL DRESSING WITH BERGAMOT OIL].
Evaluation of flavonoids and furanocoumarins from Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) juice and identification of new compounds.
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoids and pectic oligosaccharides from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel.
Flavonoid glycosides in bergamot juice (Citrus bergamia Risso).
Rodenticidal activity of two natural coumarines from ether extract of Citrus bergamia.
[Accidents due to tanning cosmetics with a base of bergamot oil].
[Simplified method of preparation of the zinc oxide-bergamot oil gingival dressing].
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bergamot juice extract (BJe) in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Linalool Affects the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils.
In Vitro Activity of Twenty Commercially Available, Plant-Derived Essential Oils against Selected Dermatophyte Species.
A Systematic Review of the Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Essential Oils in Animal Models.
TELOMERE AND TELOMERASE MODULATION BY BERGAMOT POLYPHENOLIC FRACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOAGEING IN HUMAN KERATINOCYTES.
Eriocitrin and Apigenin as New Carbonic Anhydrase VA Inhibitors from a Virtual Screening of Calabrian Natural Products.
Fungal decay and shelf life of oranges coated with chitosan and bergamot, thyme, and tea tree essential oils.
The use of aromasticks at a cancer centre: a retrospective audit.
The essential oil of bergamot stimulates reactive oxygen species production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Antibacterial activity of essential oils, their blends and mixtures of their main constituents against some strains supporting livestock mastitis.
Flavonoid fraction of Bergamot juice reduces LPS-induced inflammatory response through SIRT1-mediated NF-κB inhibition in THP-1 monocytes.
Bergamot juice extract inhibits proliferation by inducing apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.
Magnetically recoverable, thermostable, hydrophobic DNA/silica encapsulates and their application as invisible oil tags.
Role of D-Limonene in autophagy induced by bergamot essential oil in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells.
Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation.
The anti-biofilm activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) essential oils against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
N-methylated tryptamine derivatives in citrus genus plants: identification of N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine in bergamot.
Inhibitory effect of essential oils against Trichosporon ovoides causing Piedra Hair Infection.
Effects of systemic administration of the essential oil of bergamot (BEO) on gross behaviour and EEG power spectra recorded from the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
The mechanism of action of a citrus oil blend against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis.
Prevention of Glutamate Accumulation and Upregulation of Phospho-Akt may Account for Neuroprotection Afforded by Bergamot Essential Oil against Brain Injury Induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rat.
Inhalation aromatherapy in children and adolescents undergoing stem cell infusion: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind trial.
Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil into the mouse hindpaw: effects on capsaicin-induced nociceptive behaviors.
Occurrence of pipecolic acid and pipecolic acid betaine (homostachydrine) in Citrus genus plants.
[Analysis of 14 elements for Jinhua bergamot by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and elemental analyser].
Cell signaling pathways in the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against NMDA-induced cell death in vitro.
The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems.
Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants.
Aroma-therapeutic effects of massage blended essential oils on humans.
Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils.
Update of the toxicological assessment of furanocoumarins in foodstuffs (Update of the SKLM statement of 23/24 September 2004)--Opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG).
Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism.
UVB phototherapeutic modalities. Comparison of two treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis.
Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot.
Effects of music and essential oil inhalation on cardiac autonomic balance in healthy individuals.
[Not Available].
In vitro protective effects of two extracts from bergamot peels on human endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
New asymmetrical per-substituted cyclodextrins (2-O-methyl-3-O-ethyl- and 2-O-ethyl-3-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-beta-derivatives) as chiral selectors for enantioselective gas chromatography in the flavour and fragrance field.
[Purely natural: phototoxic dermatitis].
Assessment of the phototoxic hazard of some essential oils using modified 3T3 neutral red uptake assay.
In vitro activity of bergamot natural essence and furocoumarin-free and distilled extracts, and their associations with boric acid, against clinical yeast isolates.
Inhibition of bergaptene toxicity by UV-A filters.
Determination of 5-methoxypsoralen in human serum.
[The effects of aromatherapy on stress and stress responses in adolescents].
In vitro inhibition of vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis in the presence of citrus essential oils.
Estimating bergamot juice adulteration of lemon juice by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of flavanone glycosides.
Further insights into the floral character of Touriga Nacional wines.
Phytophotodermatitis.
The survival of three strains of Arcobacter butzleri in the presence of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components in vitro and on food.
Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial.
Analysis of limette and bergamot distilled essential oils by HPLC.
Dangers of the intake of psoralens and subsequent UV exposure producing significant burns.
Quantitative assessment of epidermal melanogenesis in C3H/Tif hr/hr mice treated with topical furocoumarins and UVA radiation.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of citropten and bergapten in suction blister fluid after solar product application in humans.
[Vitamin content of bergamot].
Mosquito larvicidal activity of aromatic medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens.
Toxic effects of six plant oils alone and in combination with controlled atmosphere on Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).
Studies on the genotoxic properties of essential oils with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay.
[Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer].
Evaluation of phototoxic properties of fragrances.
[The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension].
The essential oil of bergamot enhances the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rat: implication of monoterpene hydrocarbons.
High-throughput analysis of bergamot essential oil by fast solid-phase microextraction-capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.
Determination of some heavy metals and selenium in Sicilian and Calabrian citrus essential oils using derivative stripping chronopotentiometry.
Pesticide and plasticizer residues in bergamot essential oils from Calabria (Italy).
Earl Grey, in excess.
Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil.
How big is a drop? A volumetric assay of essential oils.
Photoreactivity of 5-geranoxypsoralen and lack of photoreaction with DNA.
Citropten and bergapten suction blister fluid concentrations after solar product application in man.
A quantitative in vitro assay for the evaluation of phototoxic potential of topically applied materials.

Other Information

FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
Export Tariff Code:3301.11.0000
Wikipedia:View
FAO:BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STEAM DISTILLATION

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex No
Specific gravity @ 25 °C
Pounds per Gallon 7.173 to 7.239
Refractive Index 1.459 to 1.4679 @ 20 °C
Flash Point TCC Value 51.67 °C TCC
Shelf life 12 months (or longer if stored properly.)
Storage notes Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Solubility
alcohol Yes
dipropylene glycol Yes
water, 20.12 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) Yes
water No
Stability
bath foam Unspecified
cream Unspecified
detergent Unspecified
hair spray Unspecified
lipstick Unspecified
lotion Unspecified
non-discoloring in most media Unspecified
powder Unspecified
shampoo Unspecified

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Citrus
citrus, floral, woody, orange, herbal, sweet, spicy, green, orange peel, lemon, lime, ginger
Odor strength medium
Substantivity 8 hour(s) at 100.00 %
Luebke, William tgsc, (1984) At 100.00 %. citrus floral woody orange linalyl acetate
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 2, 43, (1998) Citrus, floral, sweet, spicy, green and orange peely, with lemon, lime and ginger nuances
Flavor Type: Citrus
citrus, floral, rose, green, lemon, fatty, ginger, lime
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 2, 43, (1998) At 25.00 ppm. Citrus,floral, rosy, green, lemon and fatty with a ginger and lime nuance
General comment Citrus, fresh

Occurrences

Safety Information

Safety information

European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xi - Irritant
R 10 - Flammable.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
R 43 - May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing.
Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
Flammable liquids (Category 3), H226
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogramflame.jpg
Signal word Warning
Hazard statement(s)
H226 - Flammable liquid and vapour
Precautionary statement(s)
P210 - Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking.
P233 - Keep container tightly closed.
P240 - Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241 - Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/…/equipment.
P242 - Use only non-sparking tools.
P243 - Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P303 + P361 + P353 - IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P370 + P378 - In case of fire: Use dry sand, dry chemical or alcohol-resistant foam for extinction.
P403 + P235 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50 11520 mg/kg
PHARAT
14,435,1959

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
IFRA Critical Effect:
Dermal sensitization and systemic toxicity
IFRA Purity Specification: bergaptenes reduced
IFRA fragrance material specification:
Where the bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) content of all relevant oils present in a compound has been determined, it is recommended that for applications on areas of skin exposed to sunshine, excluding bath preparations, soaps and other products which are washed off the skin, the total level of bergapten in the consumer products should not exceed 0.0015% (15 ppm). This is equivalent to 0.0075% (75 ppm) in a fragrance compound used at 20% in the consumer product. Where the level of bergapten has not been determined by appropriate methods, the limits specified in the guidelines on individual oils should apply. In those cases, where such oils are used in combination with other phototoxic ingredients, the additive effect has to be taken into consideration and the use levels have to be reduced accordingly. The sum of the concentrations of all phototoxic fragrance ingredients, expressed in % of their recommended maximum level in the consumer product, shall not exceed 100.
contains the following IFRA (Annex) restricted components: (non-analysis max. level reference only)
citral Max. Found: 0.43 % and Reason: Sensitization
geraniol Max. Found: 0.1 % and Reason: Sensitization
limits in the finished product for - "leave on the skin contact":
0.4000 % Restriction.
limits in the finished product for - "wash off the skin contact":
15.0000 % Recommendation.
limits in the finished product for - "no skin contact":
30.0000 % Recommendation.
Recommendation for bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy usage levels up to:
30.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -29.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -8.90000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: -43.00000
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: 1.00000130.00000
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -7.90000
fruit ices: -7.90000
gelatins / puddings: 5.3000090.00000
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -27.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --

Safety references

EPI System: View
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):68648-33-9
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WISER:UN 2319
WGK Germany:2
citrus × bergamia peel oil bergaptene reduced
Chemidplus:0068648339
RTECS:DS0500000 for cas# 68648-33-9