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cade oil
Cade oil is a tar oil derived from Juniperus oxycedrus with a pronounced smoky aroma, used primarily in fragrance formulations.
General Material Description
Cade oil, also known by synonyms such as juniperus oxycedrus L. tar oil and prickly cedar tar oil, is a dark viscous oil obtained through the destructive distillation of twigs and leaves from the Juniperus oxycedrus plant. It is recognized for its intense smoky and phenolic odor, reminiscent of burnt leather and bonfire notes, with a high odor strength that requires dilution to about 1% for evaluation. This tar oil finds use primarily as a fragrance raw material due to its distinctive aroma profile. The oil is commercially available in both crude and rectified forms, with rectified variants adjusted to meet IFRA (Global) standards for safe use in perfumery. Its physicochemical profile includes moderate solubility in alcohol and minimal water solubility. Further details can be found in authoritative sources such as the PubChem database. Cade oil is historically known under various names, including Holland balsam and Spanish cedar tar oil, reflecting its diverse cultural uses and origins.
Occurrence, Applicability & Potential Uses
Cade oil naturally originates from the twigs and leaves of the Juniperus oxycedrus shrub through pyrolytic distillation. Its application spectrum is concentrated in the fragrance industry as a potent scent ingredient producing smoky, leathery, and resinous notes. It contributes character to forest-themed, leather-like, and smoke-imbued fragrance compositions. Due to its strong odor and potential irritancy, crude cade oil is not suitable for direct use in perfumery; instead, rectified oil compliant with IFRA (Global) safety standards is employed. While it has been suggested for cosmetic hair conditioning, such uses are limited and regulated. The oil's distinctive profile also informs potential flavor uses, although these are generally restricted given safety considerations.
Physico-Chemical Properties Summary
Cade oil exhibits a specific gravity ranging approximately from 0.95 to 1.055 at 25 °C and a refractive index between 1.51 and 1.525 measured at 20 °C. Its flash point is around 93 °C (200 °F), indicating moderate flammability. The oil is soluble in alcohol but exhibits low to negligible solubility in water, aligning with its hydrophobic, tar-like nature. These properties influence its formulation and handling in both fragrance and cosmetic applications, necessitating proper dilution and ventilation measures. The oil’s high substantivity ensures prolonged odor presence, approximately 400 hours when undiluted, which is advantageous for lasting fragrance effects. Stability under typical storage conditions is expected, although exposure to heat and light should be minimized to preserve aromatic quality.
FAQ
What is cade oil and how is it obtained?
Cade oil is a tar-like essential oil derived from the destructive distillation of the twigs and leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus, a species of juniper. The process involves pyrolyzing plant material to release its volatile components, followed by rectification to obtain an oil suitable for fragrance use. This oil is known for its smoky, leathery aroma with phenolic and resinous characteristics. It is available in crude and rectified forms, with the rectified version processed to reduce potentially harmful polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
In what applications is cade oil commonly used, and what are its characteristic odor notes?
Cade oil is predominantly used as a fragrance ingredient, valued for imparting smoky, leathery, and forest-like notes to perfumery compositions. Its strong, resinous aroma complements themes involving burnt or charred scents, such as moss, fern, and Russian leather accords. The oil blends effectively with other botanicals like thyme, clove bud, rosemary, and pine. Due to irritant effects, its use is generally restricted to rectified forms at low concentrations, consistent with IFRA guidelines for fragrance agents.
What safety regulations and handling precautions apply to cade oil in cosmetic and fragrance use?
Cade oil is classified as an irritant, causing skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation, and carries warnings under GHS standards with hazard statements H315, H319, and H335. Its use in fragrances must comply with IFRA (Global) standards, which limit the oil concentration to 0.5% in fragrance concentrates and restrict the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzopyrene. Protective measures including wearing gloves and adequate ventilation are advised when handling the oil. The crude oil is not recommended for fragrance applications due to carcinogenic potential, thus rectified oil adhering to Good Manufacturing Practices is mandated for use.
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents
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| PubMeb | Start search |
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Literature & References
Other Information
| Export Tariff Code: | 3301.29.6000 |
| Wikipedia: | View |
| FAO: | BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STEAM DISTILLATION |
General Material Information
| Preferred name | cade oil |
| Trivial Name | juniperus oxycedrus l. tar oil |
| Short Description | juniperus oxycedrus tar oil |
| CAS Number | 8013-10-3 |
| FDA UNII | Search |
| Synonyms |
|
Suppliers
PhysChem Properties
| Material listed in food chemical codex | No |
| Specific gravity | @ 25 °C |
| Pounds per Gallon | 7.905 to 8.779 |
| Refractive Index | 1.51 to 1.525 @ 20 °C |
| Flash Point TCC Value | 93.33 °C TCC |
| Solubility | |
| alcohol | Yes |
| water, 0.02173 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | Yes |
| water | No |
Organoleptic Properties
| Odor Type: Smoky | |
| smoky, burnt, grilled, leathery, resinous | |
| Odor strength | high , recommend smelling in a 1.00 % solution or less |
| Substantivity | 400 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
| Luebke, William tgsc, (1989) | At 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol. smoky birch tar burnt grilled leather resinous |
| Blends-well-with - +Thyme +Clove Bud +Rosemary +Origanum +Labdanum thyme origanum clove cassia tea tree pine and medicinal-type bases. | Birch tar smoke burnt woody smoke tar leather burnt woody smoky leather-like |
| Produced by destructive distillation of the twigs and leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus and then rectified to meet the IFRA standard: crude Cade Oil should not be used in fragrances. | Smoky, phenolic, bonfire |
Occurrences
| (data available) |
Potential Uses
| Applications | |
| Odor purposes | Castoreum , Fern , Forest , Leather , Leather russian leather , Moss , Smoke |
| Flavoring purposes | Burnt |
| Cosmetic purposes | Hair conditioning |
Safety Information
Safety information
| Preferred SDS: View | |
| European information : | |
| Most important hazard(s): | |
| Xi - Irritant | |
| R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. | |
| Hazards identification | |
| Classification of the substance or mixture | |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) | |
| Skin irritation (Category 2), H315 Eye irritation (Category 2A), H319 Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3), Respiratory system, H335 | |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements | |
| Pictogram |  |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statement(s) | |
| H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation | |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| P261 - Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P264 - Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P303 + P361 + P353 - IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. P304 + P340 - IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P305 + P351 + P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P312 - Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. P332 + P313 - IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P337 + P313 - IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. P362 - Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. P403 + P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P403 + P235 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. P405 - Store locked up. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant. | |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | |
| oral-rat LD50 8014 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) GASTROINTESTINAL: GASTRITIS Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964. | |
| Dermal Toxicity: | |
| skin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 13, Pg. 733, 1975. | |
| Inhalation Toxicity: | |
| Not determined | |
Safety in use information
| Category: | |||
| fragrance agents | |||
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search | |||
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice | |||
| IFRA Critical Effect: | |||
| Carcinogenicity, genotoxicity by release of polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAH) | |||
| IFRA fragrance material specification: | |||
| Limit content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) resulting from the use of rectified oils according to Good Manufacturing Practice. If used alone or in combination with rectified birch tar oils, benzopyrene and 1,2-benzanthracene are to be used as markers for PAHs. The total concentration of both of these should not exceed 1 ppb in the final product. | |||
| contains the following IFRA (Annex) restricted components: (non-analysis max. level reference only) | |||
| dihydroeugenol | Max. Found: 0.5 % and Reason: Sensitization | ||
| View the IFRA Standard | |||
| Recommendation for cade oil usage levels up to: | |||
| 0.5000 % in the fragrance concentrate. | |||
| Recommendation for cade oil flavor usage levels up to: | |||
| not for flavor use. | |||
Safety references
| EPI System: View |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):8013-10-3 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| SCCNFP:opinion |
| WISER:UN 1993 |
| WGK Germany:2 |
| juniperus oxycedrus l. tar oil |
| Chemidplus:0008013103 |
| RTECS:NY9872000 for cas# 8013-10-3 |