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pepper tree berry oil

Pepper tree berry oil is an essential oil from Schinus molle berries known for its spicy, woody aroma and uses in cosmetic fragrance and flavoring applications.

General Material Description

Pepper tree berry oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the berries of Schinus molle, also known as pink pepper tree. It appears as a clear to pale yellow liquid and is characterized by a spicy, woody, and aromatic scent profile with nuances of juniper, mace, and tropical balsamic notes. The oil is sometimes referred to by synonyms such as baie rose oil, pink peppercorn oil, and Peruvian mastic oil. It is commonly sourced through steam distillation of the ripe berries. This essential oil belongs to the class of natural botanical extracts and is documented in authoritative sources like PubChem. Its sensory properties make it valuable in perfumery and flavor industries, offering a distinctive peppery note in formulations.

Occurrence, Applicability & Potential Uses

Pepper tree berry oil naturally occurs in the berries of Schinus molle, a tree native to regions of South America. In commercial contexts, this essential oil is used predominantly in cosmetic products as a fragrance and skin conditioning agent. It also serves flavor and fragrance applications, imparting spicy and woody notes to diverse products. The oil’s usage levels are governed by standards such as IFRA (Global), which currently recommends a maximum concentration of 4% in fragrance formulations. Additionally, FEMA (US) recognizes it as a flavoring agent with specific usage limits in various food categories. Its biological origin and organoleptic profile contribute to its niche in aromatic and flavoring formulations.

Physico-Chemical Properties Summary

Pepper tree berry oil demonstrates key physical and chemical properties influencing its handling and formulation. It has a flash point of approximately 46°C (115°F), classifying it as a flammable material. The acid value is controlled below 3 mg KOH/g, indicating limited free fatty acid content. The oil dissolves readily in alcohol and is partially soluble in water at around 4.58 mg/L at 25°C. Proper storage conditions requiring cool, dry places with protection from light and heat ensure stability, with a recommended shelf life of at least 24 months. These physicochemical traits impact formulation decisions in cosmetic and flavor applications to maintain product integrity and safety.

FAQ

What is pepper tree berry oil and what are its main synonyms?
Pepper tree berry oil is an essential oil obtained from the berries of Schinus molle, known for its spicy and woody aroma. It is also commonly called pink pepper oil, baie rose oil, or Peruvian mastic oil. This oil is valued for its distinctive sensory profile and is used in flavoring and fragrance applications.
How is pepper tree berry oil typically used and where does it occur naturally?
This oil is derived from the berries of the pepper tree Schinus molle, native to South America. It is mainly employed as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics and as a flavor agent in various food products. The oil lends spicy, woody, and aromatic notes that enhance perfuming agents and culinary flavorings.
What safety considerations and regulations apply to pepper tree berry oil?
Pepper tree berry oil is classified with warnings such as flammability and potential irritation to eyes and skin. Its use in fragrances is regulated under the IFRA (Global) guidelines, which recommend a maximum concentration of 4% in fragrance concentrates. FEMA (US) recognizes it as generally safe for flavor use with specified maximum levels in certain food categories. Storage requires cool and dry conditions, avoiding heat and light to preserve quality.

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

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Literature & References

schinus molle l. berry oil
Canada Domestic Sub. List:68917-52-2
Pubchem (sid):135325136
Publications by PubMed
Alpha-phellandrene-induced DNA damage and affect DNA repair protein expression in WEHI-3 murine leukemia cells in vitro.
Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of 10 medicinal plants used in northeast Mexico.
Knowledge and valuation of Andean agroforestry species: the role of sex, age, and migration among members of a rural community in Bolivia.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils.
Lethal and sublethal effects of four essential oils on the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis.
Trypanocidal activity of the essential oils in their conventional and nanoemulsion forms: in vitro tests.
Chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from Magnolia grandiflora, Chrysactinia mexicana, and Schinus molle found in northeast Mexico.
Synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil of aguaribay (Schinus molle L.).
Evaluation of the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in rats.
Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Schinus molle L. growing in Yemen.
Consequences of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extract from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in mice.
Chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi berries essential oils.
Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America.
Fundamental host range of Pseudophilothrips ichini s.l. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae): a candidate biological control agent of Schinus terebinthifolius (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in the United States.
Insecticidal and insect-repellent activities of essential oils from Verbenaceae and Anacardiaceae against Rhizopertha dominica.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of plants from northeast of Mexico.
Biological studies on Brazilian plants used in wound healing.
Chemical composition, insecticidal and insect repellent activity of Schinus molle L. leaf and fruit essential oils against Trogoderma granarium and Tribolium castaneum.
Chemical composition of Schinus molle essential oil and its cytotoxic activity on tumour cell lines.
Tunisian Salvia officinalis L. and Schinus molle L. essential oils: their chemical compositions and their preservative effects against Salmonella inoculated in minced beef meat.
Antidepressant-like effect of rutin isolated from the ethanolic extract from Schinus molle L. in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems.
Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats.
Repellence and toxicity of Schinus molle extracts on Blattella germanica.
Antidepressant-like effect of the extract from leaves of Schinus molle L. in mice: evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system.
Evaluation of the flora of northern Mexico for in vitro antimicrobial and antituberculosis activity.
Biological activity of Schinus molle on Triatoma infestans.
Antioxidant flavonol glycosides from Schinus molle.
LD50 and repellent effects of essential oils from Argentinian wild plant species on Varroa destructor.
Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants.
Interplay between metabolic rate and diet quality in the South American fox, Pseudalopex culpaeus.
Isolation of two triterpenoids and a biflavanone with anti-Inflammatory activity from Schinus molle fruits.
Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
Isolation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting triterpenes from Schinus molle.
Isolation and identification of house fly,Musca domestica L., repellents from pepper tree,Schinus molle L.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Schinus molle Linn.
[Allergological study of pollen of mango (Magnifera indica) and cross reactivity with pollen of piru (Schinus molle)].
Preisocalamenediol, A Constituent of Schinus molle.
Schinus molle: a new source of natural fungitoxicant.
[Essential oil from Schinus molle].

Other Information

FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
Export Tariff Code:3301.29.6000
Typical G.C.
Wikipedia:View
FAO:BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STEAM DISTILLATION

General Material Information

Preferred name pepper tree berry oil
Trivial Name Oils, Schinus molle
Short Description schinus molle berry oil
CAS Number 68917-52-2
FEMA Number 3018
FDA UNII Search
FDA Patent No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm 68917-52-2 ; SCHINUS MOLLE, OIL (SCHINUS MOLLE L.)
Synonyms
  • baie rose oil
  • baies rose oil
  • baies roses oil
  • red berries EO
  • peruvian mastic oil
  • pink pepper berry oil
  • pink pepper oil (schinus molle)
  • california pepper tree oil
  • peruvian pepper tree oil
  • pepper, pink essential oil
  • pink peppercorn oil
  • pink pepper oil
  • schinnus molle oil LMR (IFF)
  • schinus molle (berries) ess. oil (for fragrance) (Robertet)
  • schinus molle berry oil
  • schinus molle oil
  • schinus molle pure jungle essence
  • schinus molle seed oil
  • Oils, Schinus molle

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex No
Acid Value 3 max KOH/g
Flash Point TCC Value 46.11 °C TCC
Shelf life 24 months (or longer if stored properly.)
Storage notes Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Solubility
alcohol Yes
water, 4.581 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) Yes
water No

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Spicy
peppery, woody, spicy, aromatic, juniper, mace, tropical, pine, balsamic, resinous, ginger, clove
Odor strength medium
Substantivity 147 hour(s) at 100.00 %
Luebke, William tgsc, (2021) At 100.00 %. peppery woody spicy aromatic juniper mace tropical pine balsamic resinous
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 21, No. 5, 49, (1996) Peppery, woody, spicy, ginger, aromatic, tropical and caryophyllene
Flavor Type: Spicy
peppery, spicy, woody, juniper, mace, aromatic, balsamic, resinous, seedy, ginger
Luebke, William tgsc, (2021) Peppery spicy woody juniper mace aromatic balsamic resinous seedy
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 21, No. 5, 49, (1996) At 25.00 ppm. Peppery, woody, aromatic, seedy, bitting, ginger and juniper

Occurrences

Potential Uses

Applications
Odor purposes Ginger , Herbal , Pepper , Powder , Spice , Woody
Cosmetic purposes Fragrance , Perfuming agents , Skin conditioning

Safety Information

Safety information

European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 10 - Flammable.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
R 65 - Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking.
S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing.
S 62 - If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.
Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
cosmetic, flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
Recommendation for pepper tree berry oil usage levels up to:
4.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -10.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): --
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: --
condiments / relishes: -3.00000
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: --
fruit ices: --
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -10.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --

Safety references

EPI System: View
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):68917-52-2
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WGK Germany:3
schinus molle l. berry oil
Chemidplus:0068917522