red cinchona bark

General Material Information

Preferred name	red cinchona bark
Trivial Name	cinchona succirubra pav.
Short Description	cinchona succirubra or its hybrids
FEMA Number	2281
FDA UNII	Search
FDA Patent	No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm	977052-81-5 ; CINCHONA BARK, RED (CINCHONA SUCCIRU
Synonyms	cinchona pubescens bark cinchona succirubra or its hybrids red peruvian bark

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Literature & References

	cinchona succirubra pav.
Pubchem (sid):	135292003

Publications by PubMed
Dimeric Cinchona alkaloids.
Fixed drug eruption to quinine: a case report and review of the literature.
Medicinal plants, human health and biodiversity: a broad review.
Science in the service of colonial agro-industrialism: the case of cinchona cultivation in the Dutch and British East Indies, 1852-1900.
The use of an integrated molecular-, chemical- and biological-based approach for promoting the better use and conservation of medicinal species: a case study of Brazilian quinas.
China rubra for side-effects of quinine: a prospective, randomised study in pregnant women with malaria in Cotonou, Benin.
Chemical modifications of cinchona alkaloids lead to enhanced inhibition of human butyrylcholinesterase.
New insight into the stereoselective interactions of quinine and quinidine, with bovine serum albumin.
Cinchona alkaloids from Cinchona succirubra and Cinchona ledgeriana.
An Empire's Extract: Chemical Manipulations of Cinchona Bark in the Eighteenth-Century Spanish Atlantic World.
[The history of antibiotics].
Building the world's supply of quinine: Dutch colonialism and the origins of a global pharmaceutical industry.
Four early clinical studies to assess the effects of Peruvian bark.
Extraction of alkaloids for NMR-based profiling: exploratory analysis of an archaic Cinchona bark collection.
Crystal structure of quinine: the effects of vinyl and methoxy groups on molecular assemblies of Cinchona alkaloids cannot be ignored.
Cinchonine Prevents High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity through Downregulation of Adipogenesis and Adipose Inflammation.
Electrochemical studies of quinine in surfactant media using hanging mercury drop electrode: a cyclic voltammetric study.
"To dispel doubts and adulterations": scientific expertise and the attempts to make a better bark fo the royal monopoly of quina (1751-1790).
Rapid and green analytical method for the determination of quinoline alkaloids from Cinchona succirubra based on Microwave-Integrated Extraction and Leaching (MIEL) prior to high performance liquid chromatography.
Induced terpene accumulation in Norway spruce inhibits bark beetle colonization in a dose-dependent manner.
Malaria drug resistance: new observations and developments.
Improved traditional phytomedicines in current use for the clinical treatment of malaria.
Poor quality drugs: grand challenges in high throughput detection, countrywide sampling, and forensics in developing countries.
[Dreaded miasmas: Austrian scientists on board the frigate Novara pursue the secret of malaria].
Determination of cinchona alkaloids by non-aqueous CE with MS detection.
Crystal engineering of pharmaceutical Co-crystals: application of methyl paraben as molecular hook.
Impact of poor-quality medicines in the 'developing' world.
Empire and alternatives: Swietenia febrifuga and the Cinchona substitutes.
Blackwater fever: the rise and fall of an exotic disease.
[From the plant to chemistry--the early history of "rheumatic medication"].
[Quinines--past and present].
Quinine substitutes in the confederate army.
In situ UV resonance Raman micro-spectroscopic localization of the antimalarial quinine in cinchona bark.
Attenuation of quinine-induced testicular toxicity by ascorbic acid in rat: a stereological approach.
Quinine allergy causing acute severe systemic illness: report of 4 patients manifesting multiple hematologic, renal, and hepatic abnormalities.
Evaluation of French Guiana traditional antimalarial remedies.
Bioactive cinchona alkaloids from Remijia peruviana.
Chloroquine and artemisinin: six decades of research--what next?
Antimalarial activity of Cinchona-like plants used to treat fever and malaria in Brazil.
[The triumph of China China]
Plants against malaria. Part 1: Cinchona or the Peruvian bark.
Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products.
HPTLC method for the estimation of alkaloids of Cinchona officinalis stem bark and its marketed formulations.
The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark to COX-1 sparing drugs.
Evolution, mechanisms, and classification of antiarrhythmic drugs: focus on class III actions.
Plants showing antiplasmodial activity--from crude extracts to isolated compounds.
Quinine for cramps.
The inhibitory effect of cinchonine on human platelet aggregation due to blockade of calcium influx.
Bitter-sweet solutions for malaria: exploring natural remedies from the past.
Photosensitizing properties of quinine and synthetic antimalarials.
The discovery of alkaloids.
Conformational analysis of the antimalarial agent quinidine.
State of the art of the production of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in plants.
Automated multiple development thin layer chromatography of some plant extracts.
Homeopathic Resistant Malaria.
Quinine and quinidine inhibit and reveal heterogeneity of K-Cl cotransport in low K sheep erythrocytes.
Effect of Cinchona bark alkaloids and chloroquine on phospholipid synthesis. K+ channel blockers specifically enhance the activity of the serine base exchange enzyme system in Jurkat T cells.
The quinine connection.
Enhanced choline and Rb+ transport in human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
[A tribute to Jose Maria Benetez on the bicentennial of his birth].
[Discovery of the cardiac effectiveness of cinchona bark and its alkaloids].
Effect of quinine and cinchonine on human neutrophils functions in vitro.
Betanin Production and Release In Vitro from Suspension Cultures of Beta vulgaris.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from Cinchonae Cortex.
[Charles Ledger and the Cinchona].
Three hundred and fifty years of the Peruvian fever bark.
Activity of a combination of three cinchona bark alkaloids against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Ledger's cinchona seeds: a composite of field experience, chance, and intuition.
Effects of nutritional and hormonal factors on growth and production of anthraquinone glucosides in cell suspension cultures of Cinchona succirubra.
Pharmacognosy of swietenia mahagoni bark drug.
Shikimate pathway activity in shake and fermenter cultures of Cinchona succirubra.
[Cinchona bark--a historical retrospect].
Antitumor Plants. V. Constituents of Cinchona pubescens.
Drug therapy in colonial and revolutionary America.
[Thermofractography of red cinchona bark and its alkaloids (author's transl)].
[ON UNDERSTANDING CHINOIDINE AND THE EPIALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA BARK].
[Manifest properties and mysterious properties of china bark].
[The cinchona bark; history and legislation].
[Characteristics of galenic preparations from Cinchona bark].
Extraction of Cinchona succirubra with tetrahydrofuran and its mixtures.
Ultrasonic extraction of Cinchona succirubra.
[Cooperative study on total alkaloid determination in Cinchona bark and in preparations made from it].
[Standardized analysis (Brussels-May 1949) of cinchona bark].
The distribution and interrelationships of the alkaloids in the bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana.
A re-proving of Peruvian bark.
The Tercentenary of the first recognized Use of Cinchona Bark by Europeans.
CINCHONA BARK AND ITS ALKALOIDS.
On the Efficacy of the Bark of the Swietenia Febrifuga, as a Substitute for that of the Cinchona.

Other Information

FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):	View
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:	View
Wikipedia:	View

Suppliers

Bristol Botanicals

Parchem

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Sweet
brown, maple, woody, vegetable, rooty
General comment	At 100.00 %. brown maple woody botanical rooty
Flavor Type: Bitter
bitter, astringent, maple, brown, tea, woody
General comment	Bitter astringent maple brown tea woody

Occurrences

Potential Uses

Applications	spices other natural seasonings and flavorings
Odor purposes	Maple
Flavoring purposes	Tea
Other purposes	Bitter

Safety Information

Safety information


Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
spices, other natural seasonings and flavorings
Recommendation for red cinchona bark usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
		average usual ppm	average maximum ppm
baked goods:		-	27.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic):		1.50000	3.70000
beverages(alcoholic):		20.00000	300.00000
breakfast cereal:		-	-
cheese:		-	-
chewing gum:		-	-
condiments / relishes:		-	-
confectionery froastings:		-	-
egg products:		-	-
fats / oils:		-	-
fish products:		-	-
frozen dairy:		-	3.00000
fruit ices:		-	3.00000
gelatins / puddings:		-	-
granulated sugar:		-	-
gravies:		-	-
hard candy:		-	3.00000
imitation dairy:		-	-
instant coffee / tea:		-	-
jams / jellies:		-	-
meat products:		-	-
milk products:		-	-
nut products:		-	-
other grains:		-	-
poultry:		-	-
processed fruits:		-	-
processed vegetables:		-	-
reconstituted vegetables:		-	-
seasonings / flavors:		-	-
snack foods:		-	-
soft candy:		-	-
soups:		-	-
sugar substitutes:		-	-
sweet sauces:		-	-

Safety references

ClinicalTrials.gov:search

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data

cinchona succirubra pav.

Chemidplus:0977052815