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artichoke leaf

Artichoke leaf refers to the green leafy material from Cynara scolymus L., notable for its mild green odor and flavor and use in natural extractives.

General Material Description

Artichoke leaf, scientifically termed Cynara scolymus L. leaf, constitutes the leafy component of the artichoke plant mainly recognized for its green leafy sensory characteristics, demonstrating mild odor and flavor profiles. Often referred to synonymously as Cynara scolymus leaf, this plant material serves as a natural source of extractives used in various formulations. It is characterized by its typical appearance as green foliage and has been documented extensively in chemical databases such as PubChem. The leaf is collected from the artichoke plant, cultivated in various regions for both culinary and natural ingredient purposes. Its green aromatic qualities are appreciated in natural product development and flavor applications.

Occurrence, Applicability & Potential Uses

The artichoke leaf is derived from the Cynara scolymus plant, a species cultivated both for food and natural ingredient extraction. Biologically, it embodies secondary plant metabolites contributing to its characteristic green aroma and flavor. In application, this botanical is primarily used as a natural substance and extractive agent in formulations rather than as a direct flavor or fragrance additive. According to FEMA (US) standards, artichoke leaf is recognized within natural ingredient categories but its usage levels for flavor or fragrance are not recommended. This positions the leaf extract in supportive or specialized roles within botanical and natural compound industries.

Physico-Chemical Properties Summary

Artichoke leaf material exhibits green leafy organoleptic properties with low odor intensity and a distinctly natural green flavor profile. Its chemical composition includes plant secondary metabolites that influence these sensory attributes but do not yield robust volatility or strong aroma strength, limiting its use in fragrance applications. The leaf's physicochemical profile, including stability and extractability, favors incorporation as a botanical extract in formulations requiring subtle green notes. Safety evaluations show no classified hazards, supporting its inclusion as a natural substance under regulatory frameworks.

FAQ

What is artichoke leaf and what are its key characteristics?
Artichoke leaf is the foliage of the plant Cynara scolymus L. It is recognized for its mild green leafy odor and flavor, representing a natural botanical source used primarily as an extractive agent. The leaf's sensory qualities are subtle, contributing gentle green notes in formulations. It is synonymous with Cynara scolymus leaf and is documented in chemical registries such as PubChem under compound classifications.
How is artichoke leaf typically used and where is it sourced from?
Artichoke leaf is harvested from cultivated artichoke plants grown in various agricultural regions. Its primary use is as a natural substance and extractive in product formulations that benefit from botanical origin components. Despite its sensory properties, it is not recommended for direct use as a flavor or fragrance ingredient at appreciable levels. Instead, the leaf serves in specialized natural extract applications and research contexts involving plant-derived substances.
What regulations or safety considerations apply to artichoke leaf usage?
Under classifications such as FEMA (US), artichoke leaf is recognized as a natural substance and extractive but usage guidelines do not support its employment for flavor or fragrance purposes given the lack of comprehensive toxicity data. Safety assessments reveal no hazardous classifications, and the substance does not trigger precautionary labeling under OSHA or similar regulatory frameworks. Ongoing references include evaluations by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and data accessible via FDA and EPA registries.

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Literature & References

cynara scolymus l. leaf
Pubchem (sid):135277386
Publications by PubMed
An integrated approach to the evaluation of a metabolomic fingerprint for a phytocomplex. Focus on artichoke [Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus] leaf.
Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf and bloom head extracts on chemically induced DNA lesions in Drosophila melanogaster.
Establishment of fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Bionectria ochroleuca (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as endophytes on artichoke Cynara scolymus.
Artichoke, cynarin and cyanidin downregulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human coronary smooth muscle cells.
Investigation of the in vivo antioxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.
Cynara Scolymus Leaf Extract Stimulates Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Suppresses Hepatic Glucose Output in H4IIE Hepatocytes.
Metabolomics driven analysis of artichoke leaf and its commercial products via UHPLC-q-TOF-MS and chemometrics.
Protective activity of Cynara scolymus L. leaf extract against chemically induced complex genomic alterations in CHO cells.
A combined natural supplement lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate untreated hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Protective effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against lead toxicity in rat.
Effective protein extraction protocol for proteomics studies of Jerusalem artichoke leaves.
Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia.
[Development and validation of method for the determination of cynarin, luteolin in plasma].
In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of an artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) aqueous extract.
Effect on LDL-cholesterol of a large dose of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with untreated moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Effect of zeolite nano-materials and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract on increase in urinary clearance of systematically absorbed nicotine.
Artichoke induces genetic toxicity and decreases ethyl methanesulfonate-related DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Beneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on increasing HDL-cholesterol in subjects with primary mild hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia.
Artichoke extract lowered plasma cholesterol and increased fecal bile acids in Golden Syrian hamsters.
Laboratory and field experimental evaluation of host plant specificity of Aceria solstitialis, a prospective biological control agent of yellow starthistle.
Quantification of cynaropicrin in artichoke leaf extracts by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.
Rapid determination of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in Cynara scolymus L. by ultra-fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry based on a fused core C18 column.
[Phytotherapy with a mixture of dry extracts with hepato-protective effects containing artichoke leaves in the management of functional dyspepsia symptoms].
Effects of artichoke leaf extract on acute gastric mucosal injury in rats.
Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia.
Artichoke leaf extract reduces oxidative stress and lipoprotein dyshomeostasis in rats fed on high cholesterol diet.
Effect of artichoke leaf extract on hepatic and cardiac oxidative stress in rats fed on high cholesterol diet.
Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep following the use of copper sulfate as a fungicide on fruit trees.
Proteomics in globe artichoke: protein extraction and sample complexity reduction by PEG fractionation.
Artichoke leaf juice contains antihypertensive effect in patients with mild hypertension.
Molecular Identification, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection, Host Reactions, and Specific Cytopathology of Artichoke yellow ringspot virus Infecting Onion Crops.
Stress-induced biosynthesis of dicaffeoylquinic acids in globe artichoke.
Effect of pretreatment with artichoke extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and oxidative stress.
The influence of supplementation with artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract on selected redox parameters in rowers.
Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial.
Flavonoids of Cynara scolymus possess potent xanthinoxidase inhibitory activity in vitro but are devoid of hypouricemic effects in rats after oral application.
Characterization and differential expression analysis of artichoke phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-coding sequences.
Clinical uses of artichoke leaf extract.
Heavy metal contents in horticultural crops of a representative area of the European Mediterranean region.
Time-resolved spectral studies of blue-green fluorescence of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. Var. Scolymus) leaves: identification of chlorogenic acid as one of the major fluorophores and age-mediated changes.
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids after oral administration of Artichoke leaf extracts in humans.
Phenolic compounds from the leaf extract of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and their antimicrobial activities.
Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering from concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis.
Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) up-regulate endothelial-type nitric-oxide synthase gene expression in human endothelial cells.
Commercial and laboratory extracts from artichoke leaves: estimation of caffeoyl esters and flavonoidic compounds content.
Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial.
Validated method for the determination of six metabolites derived from artichoke leaf extract in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-coulometric-array detection.
Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts of turmeric rhizome, artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or salmon oil for antioxidant capacity.
Artichoke leaf extract reduces mild dyspepsia in an open study.
Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats.
Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).
Fructan biosynthesis in transgenic plants.
Prevention of taurolithocholate-induced hepatic bile canalicular distortions by HPLC-characterized extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves.
Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their metabolites.
Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia.
Activity of artichoke leaf extract on reactive oxygen species in human leukocytes.
Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study.
Artichoke leaf extract - Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts.
[On the distribution of o-dihydroxyphenols of the caffeic acid type in the artichoke leaf and on their variation as a function of temperature].

Other Information

FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:View
Wikipedia:View

General Material Information

Preferred name artichoke leaf
Trivial Name cynara scolymus l. leaf
Short Description cynara scolymus leaf
FDA UNII Search
COE Number 168
FDA Mainterm 977038-45-1 ; ARTICHOKE LEAVES (CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.)
Synonyms
  • cynara scolymus leaf

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex No

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Green
artichoke, green, leafy
Odor strength low
General comment At 100.00 %. artichoke green leafy
Flavor Type: Green
artichoke, green, leafy
General comment Artichoke green leafy

Occurrences

Safety Information

Safety information

Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for artichoke leaf usage levels up to:
not for fragrance use.
Recommendation for artichoke leaf flavor usage levels up to:
not for flavor use.

Safety references

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to hydroxyanthracene derivatives and improvement of bowel function pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
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EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
cynara scolymus l. leaf
Chemidplus:0977038451