styrax (liquidambar styraciflua)

General Material Information

Preferred name	styrax (liquidambar styraciflua)
Trivial Name	Styrax balsam
Short Description	liquidambar styraciflua
CAS Number	8046-19-3
FEMA Number	3036
ECHA Number	232-458-4
FDA UNII	P41GWD11CX
MDL	MFCD00131254
FDA Patent	No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm	8046-19-3 ; STORAX (LIQUIDAMBAR SPP.)
Synonyms	liquidambar styraciflua storax (liquidambar styraciflua) Styrax balsam Storax (balsam) Balsams, storax Storax Styrax Styrox Liquidambar balsam Styrax oil, Liquidambar balsam Styrax balsam oil

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Literature & References

	liquidambar styraciflua
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	8046-19-3
Pubchem (sid):	135303077

Publications by PubMed
Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of pretreated biomass using glycerol thermal processing (GTP).
Photosynthesis and isoprene emission from trees along an urban-rural gradient in Texas.
SRWC bioenergy productivity and economic feasibility on marginal lands.
Evaluation of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of some subtropical plants.
Syringyl lignin production in conifers: Proof of concept in a Pine tracheary element system.
Chemical and anatomical changes in Liquidambar styraciflua L. xylem after long term exposure to elevated CO2.
Carbon dioxide stimulation of photosynthesis in Liquidambar styraciflua is not sustained during a 12-year field experiment.
Effects of artificial defoliation on growth and biomass accumulation in short-rotation sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in North Carolina.
Increases in atmospheric CO2 have little influence on transpiration of a temperate forest canopy.
Effects of artificial defoliation on growth and biomass accumulation in short-rotation sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in North Carolina.
Phylogeography of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae) in Mesoamerica: survivors of a Neogene widespread temperate forest (or cloud forest) in North America?
Trends in seedling growth and carbon-use efficiency vary among broadleaf tree species along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America.
Variations of the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils from leaves and stems of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae).
Nematode Genera in Forest Soil Respond Differentially to Elevated CO2.
Stored carbon partly fuels fine-root respiration but is not used for production of new fine roots.
Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, antennal and behavioral responses to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles.
The effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on stomatal conductance estimated from 11 years of scaled sap flux measurements at Duke FACE.
Elevated CO₂ increases tree-level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites.
Plasticity in bundle sheath extensions of heterobaric leaves.
Complete genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain JDR-2.
Leaf respiratory acclimation to climate: comparisons among boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect.
Litterfall 15N abundance indicates declining soil nitrogen availability in a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment.
Elevated CO₂ enhances leaf senescence during extreme drought in a temperate forest.
[Detecting leaf and twig temperature of some trees by using thermography].
CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability.
Variable conductivity and embolism in roots and branches of four contrasting tree species and their impacts on whole-plant hydraulic performance under future atmospheric CO₂ concentration.
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.): extraction of shikimic acid coupled to dilute acid pretreatment.
Isotopic evidences for microbiologically mediated and direct C input to soil compounds from three different leaf litters during their decomposition.
Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis: a comparison of boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect.
Belowground fate of (15)N injected into sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua) at the ORNL FACE Experiment.
Combined effects of elevated CO2 and natural climatic variation on leaf spot diseases of redbud and sweetgum trees.
Inhibitory effects of benzyl benzoate and its derivatives on angiotensin II-induced hypertension.
Phylogeographical structure and temporal complexity in American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua; Altingiaceae).
Influence of bark pH on the occurrence and distribution of tree canopy myxomycete species.
CO2 enrichment increases carbon and nitrogen input from fine roots in a deciduous forest.
Immunocytochemical characterization of tension wood: Gelatinous fibers contain more than just cellulose.
An isotopic method for testing the influence of leaf litter quality on carbon fluxes during decomposition.
Long-term CO2 enrichment of a forest ecosystem: implications for forest regeneration and succession.
Urbanization affects stream ecosystem function by altering hydrology, chemistry, and biotic richness.
Nitrogen uptake, distribution, turnover, and efficiency of use in a CO2-enriched sweetgum forest.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions.
Responses of floodplain forest species to spatially condensed gradients: a test of the flood-shade tolerance tradeoff hypothesis.
Evaporation of intercepted precipitation from fruit litter of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) in a clearing as a function of meteorological conditions.
Radiation-use efficiency and gas exchange responses to water and nutrient availability in irrigated and fertilized stands of sweetgum and sycamore.
Phloem loading. A reevaluation of the relationship between plasmodesmatal frequencies and loading strategies.
Biology and management of insect pests in North American intensively managed hardwood forest systems.
Insect herbivory in an intact forest understory under experimental CO2 enrichment.
Liquidambar styraciflua.
Leaf dynamics of a deciduous forest canopy: no response to elevated CO2.
Genotypic effects of fertilization on seedling sweetgum biomass allocation, N uptake, and N use efficiency.
Regional assessment of ozone sensitive tree species using bioindicator plants.
Combinatorial modification of multiple lignin traits in trees through multigene cotransformation.
Canopy conductance of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua and Quercus phellos under varying atmospheric and soil water conditions.
Nutritional ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): growth and survival of incipient colonies feeding on preferred wood species.
Leaf senescence and late-season net photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in elevated and ambient carbon dioxide concentrations.
Leaf respiration at different canopy positions in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in ambient and elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in the field.
Optical properties of intact leaves for estimating chlorophyll concentration.
Host compatibility of the cloud forest mistletoe Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae) in Central Veracruz, Mexico.
Nutritional ecology of the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): feeding response to commercial wood species.
Influence of elevated CO2 and mycorrhizae on nitrogen acquisition: contrasting responses in Pinus taeda and Liquidambar styraciflua.
Production efficiency of loblolly pine and sweetgum in response to four years of intensive management.
5-hydroxyconiferyl aldehyde modulates enzymatic methylation for syringyl monolignol formation, a new view of monolignol biosynthesis in angiosperms.
Effects of CO2 enrichment on the photosynthetic light response of sun and shade leaves of canopy sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in a forest ecosystem.
Coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylation and methylation direct syringyl lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms.
The roles of seedling salt tolerance and resprouting in forest zonation on thewest coast of Florida, USA.
Differential leaf resistance to insects of transgenic sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) expressing tobacco anionic peroxidase.
Responses of loblolly pine, sweetgum and crab grass roots to localized increases in nitrogen in two watering regimes.
Long- and short-term flooding effects on survival and sink-source relationships of swamp-adapted tree species.
Isoprene emission, photosynthesis, and growth in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) seedlings exposed to short- and long-term drying cycles.
A community classification system for forest evaluation: Development, validation, and extrapolation.
Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) leaves.
Transformation of Liquidambar styraciflua using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Pasteuria sp. Parasitizing Trophonema okamotoi in Florida.
Distribution, Hosts, and Morphological Characteristics of Tylenchulus palustris in Florida and Bermuda.
The Leaf Oil of Liquidambar styraciflua.
Sucrose metabolic pathways in sweetgum and pecan seedlings.
Long-term elevation of atmospheric CO(2) concentration and the carbon exchange rates of saplings of Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Effects of Quantum Flux Density on Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Tissue-Cultured Plantlets and Seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. towards Improved Acclimatization and Field Survival.
Parasitic Habits of Trophotylenchulus floridensis (Tylenchulidae) and its Taxonomic Relationship to Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Allied Species.
Nematodes Parasitic on Forest Trees: III. Reproduction on Selected Hardwoods.

Other Information

FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):	View
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:	View
Wikipedia:	View

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Solubility
water, 2911 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Balsamic
storax
General comment	At 100.00 %. storax
Flavor Type: Balsamic
storax
General comment	Storax

Occurrences

Potential Uses

Applications	spices other natural seasonings and flavorings
Other purposes	Fumigant

Safety Information

Safety information


Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
spices, other natural seasonings and flavorings
IFRA fragrance material specification:
	Crude gums of Liquidambar styraficula L. var. macrophylla or Liquidambar orientalis Mill. should not be used as fragrance ingredients: Only extracts or distillates (resinoids, absolutes and oils), prepared from exudations of Liquidambar styraciflua L. var. macrophylla or Liquidambar orientalis Mill., can be used.This recommendation is made in order to promote good manufacturing practice (GMP) for the use of styrax derivatives as fragrance ingredients. It is based on a wide variety of RIFM test data with gums, resinoids, absolutes and oils of American and Asian styrax (private communication to IFRA).
Recommendation for styrax (liquidambar styraciflua) usage levels up to:
	PROHIBITED: Should not be used as a fragrance ingredient.

Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
		average usual ppm	average maximum ppm
baked goods:		-	23.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic):		-	2.00000
beverages(alcoholic):		-	-
breakfast cereal:		-	-
cheese:		-	-
chewing gum:		-	300.00000
condiments / relishes:		-	-
confectionery froastings:		-	-
egg products:		-	-
fats / oils:		-	-
fish products:		-	-
frozen dairy:		-	2.00000
fruit ices:		-	2.00000
gelatins / puddings:		-	-
granulated sugar:		-	-
gravies:		-	-
hard candy:		-	13.00000
imitation dairy:		-	-
instant coffee / tea:		-	-
jams / jellies:		-	-
meat products:		-	-
milk products:		-	-
nut products:		-	-
other grains:		-	-
poultry:		-	-
processed fruits:		-	-
processed vegetables:		-	-
reconstituted vegetables:		-	-
seasonings / flavors:		-	-
snack foods:		-	-
soft candy:		-	-
soups:		-	-
sugar substitutes:		-	-
sweet sauces:		-	-

Safety references

EPI System: View

Daily Med:search

EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):8046-19-3

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data

WGK Germany:1

liquidambar styraciflua

Chemidplus:0008046193

EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials