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skatole
General Material Information
| Preferred name | skatole |
| Trivial Name | Skatole |
| Short Description | 3-methylindole |
| Formula | C9 H9 N |
| CAS Number | 83-34-1 |
| FEMA Number | 3019 |
| Flavis Number | 14.004 |
| ECHA Number | 201-471-7 |
| FDA UNII | 9W945B5H7R |
| Nikkaji Number | J3.211E |
| Beilstein Number | 0111296 |
| MDL | MFCD00005627 |
| COE Number | 493 |
| Bio Activity Summary | External link |
| NMR Predictor | External link |
| JECFA Food Flavoring | 1304 skatole |
| FDA Patent | No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances |
| FDA Mainterm | 83-34-1 ; SKATOLE |
| Synonyms |
|
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents
| Google Scholar | Start search |
| Google Books | Start search |
| Google Patents | Start search |
| Perfumer & Flavorists | Start search |
| EU Patents | Start search |
| PubMeb | Start search |
| NCBI | Start search |
Literature & References
| 3-methyl-1H-indole | |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 83-34-1 |
| Pubchem (cid): | 6736 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134971417 |
| Flavornet: | 83-34-1 |
| Pherobase: | View |
Other Information
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): | View |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| Metabolomics Database: | Search |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C08313 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB00466 |
| FooDB: | FDB010993 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2933.99.8290 |
| Typical G.C. | |
| VCF-Online: | VCF Volatile Compounds in Food |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
Suppliers
PhysChem Properties
| Material listed in food chemical codex | No |
| Molecular weight | 131.177734375 |
| Melting Point | 95 to 97°C @ 760 mm Hg |
| Boiling Point | 265 to 266°C @ 755 mm Hg |
| Vapor Pressure | 0.015 mmHg @ 25 °C |
| Flash Point TCC Value | 131.67 °C TCC |
| logP (o/w) | 2.6 |
| Shelf life | 36 months (or longer if stored properly.) |
| Storage notes | Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
| Solubility | |
| alcohol | Yes |
| water, 498 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) | Yes |
| Stability | |
| hair spray | Unspecified |
| powder | Unspecified |
| soap | Unspecified |
Organoleptic Properties
| Odor Type: Animal | |
| animal, fecal, naphthyl, civet | |
| Odor strength | very high , recommend smelling in a 0.10 % solution or less |
| Substantivity | 400 hour(s) at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol |
| Luebke, William tgsc, (1983) | At 0.10 % in dipropylene glycol. very strong animal fecal indole civet |
| Arctander describes some of the uses of this material: “Skatole is used in perfume compositions and in artificial Civet bases. Minute traces of this material may introduce just that natural note of overmature flower’ or forest-floor’ or other natural decomposition matter, which can be not only tolerable to a fragrance, but sometimes make it much more attractive.” He goes on to say that, at the time of his writing in the late 1960s, “Many perfumers have never used Skatole, and others have had poor results with it. It takes considerable patience to study the full and final effect of a certain amount of Skatole in a fragrance. The material seems to grow’ after some time of ageing, and it produces more obnoxious odors with certain materials than with others. Skatole gives interesting effects with Sandalwood materials.” | Animalic, warm, sweet, over-ripe fruit |
| General comment | CIVET, POTENT, ANIMALIC, TENACIOUS |
Occurrences
| (data available) |
Potential Uses
| Applications | |
| Odor purposes | Amber , Animal , Beech , Castoreum , Chypre , Cigar , Cistus , Civet , Daffodil , Fern , Floral , Flower shop , Jonquil , Leather , Leather russian leather , Musk , Narcissus , Ocean sea , Tobacco , Valerian , Wallflower |
| Flavoring purposes | Beech , Burnt , Cistus , Valerian |
| Other purposes | Chanel #5 , Fecal , Fixer |
| Cosmetic purposes | Perfuming agents |
Safety Information
Safety information
| Preferred SDS: View | |
| European information : | |
| Most important hazard(s): | |
| Xi - Irritant | |
| R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 22 - Do not breath dust. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. | |
| Hazards identification | |
| Classification of the substance or mixture | |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) | |
| None found. | |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements | |
| Pictogram | |
| Hazard statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Human Experience: | |
| 1 % solution: no irritation or sensitization. | |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | |
| oral-rat LD50 3450 mg/kg (McGee Laboratories Inc., 1974) intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 175 mg/kg KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES LIVER: OTHER CHANGES BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976. intravenous-cattle LDLo 60 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: EMPHYSEMA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CHRONIC PULMONARY EDEMA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976. oral-cattle LDLo 200 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CHRONIC PULMONARY EDEMA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: EMPHYSEMA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976. parenteral-frog LDLo 435 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 19, Pg. 307, 1922. oral-mouse LDLo 470 mg/kg Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 111, 1985. oral-rat LD50 3450 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976. | |
| Dermal Toxicity: | |
| subcutaneous-frog LDLo 1000 mg/kg "Merck Index; an Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals", 11th ed., Rahway, NJ 07065, Merck & Co., Inc. 1989Vol. 11, Pg. 1354, 1989. | |
| Inhalation Toxicity: | |
| Not determined | |
Safety in use information
| Category: | |||
| flavor and fragrance agents | |||
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search | |||
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice | |||
| Recommendation for skatole usage levels up to: | |||
| 0.1000 % in the fragrance concentrate. | |||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 2.40 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 0.07 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Structure Class: | I | ||
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). | |||
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library | |||
| publication number: 3 | |||
| Click here to view publication 3 | |||
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm | ||
| baked goods: | - | 0.80000 | |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 0.75000 | |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - | |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - | |
| cheese: | - | - | |
| chewing gum: | - | 0.10000 | |
| condiments / relishes: | - | - | |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - | |
| egg products: | - | - | |
| fats / oils: | - | - | |
| fish products: | - | - | |
| frozen dairy: | - | 1.00000 | |
| fruit ices: | - | 1.00000 | |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | 0.01000 | |
| granulated sugar: | - | - | |
| gravies: | - | - | |
| hard candy: | - | 0.78000 | |
| imitation dairy: | - | - | |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - | |
| jams / jellies: | - | - | |
| meat products: | - | - | |
| milk products: | - | - | |
| nut products: | - | - | |
| other grains: | - | - | |
| poultry: | - | - | |
| processed fruits: | - | - | |
| processed vegetables: | - | - | |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - | |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - | |
| snack foods: | - | - | |
| soft candy: | - | - | |
| soups: | - | - | |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - | |
| sweet sauces: | - | - | |
Safety references
| European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
| European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
| Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 24 (FGE.24): Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
| Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 Flavouring Group Evaluation 24, Revision 1 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
| Flavouring Group Evaluation 77 (FGE77) [1] - Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev1 (2008) View page or View pdf |
| Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 77, Revision 2 (FGE.77Rev2): Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 (2013) View page or View pdf |
| Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species View page or View pdf |
| Scientific opinion on flavouring group evaluation 77, revision 3 (FGE.77Rev3): consideration of pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 View page or View pdf |
| EPI System: View |
| Daily Med:search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):83-34-1 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :6736 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| WISER:UN 3335 |
| WGK Germany:2 |
| 3-methyl-1H-indole |
| Chemidplus:0000083341 |
| RTECS:NM0350000 for cas# 83-34-1 |