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resorcinol
Resorcinol is a benzene-1,3-diol known for its nutty, creamy, and vanilla-like odor used in flavor, fragrance, and hair dye applications.
General Material Description
Resorcinol, chemically benzene-1,3-diol, is a dihydroxy benzene derivative characterized by two hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring at positions one and three. It is a colorless to light pink crystalline solid with a molecular formula of C6H6O2 and a molecular weight of approximately 110.11 g/mol. The compound exhibits distinctive sensory characteristics including nutty, creamy, slightly phenolic, and vanilla-like notes. Resorcinol is known by various synonyms such as meta-phenylene diol and m-benzenediol. It occurs naturally in some plants like jambul and has industrial significance derived from synthetic production methods. The compound is included in chemical registries such as PubChem (CID 5054) and is used in diverse applications across flavor, fragrance, and cosmetic industries.
Occurrence, Applicability & Potential Uses
Resorcinol naturally occurs in botanical sources like the jambul fruit. It finds extensive application as a functional ingredient in flavors and fragrances, imparting creamy and vanilla-like nuances to cream and sour cream type products. Its role extends to cosmetic formulations, notably as a hair dyeing agent due to its ability to interact with hair pigments. This compound is utilized in food contact materials manufacturing, specifically in sealing gaskets for food containers, ensuring material stability and performance. Regulatory evaluations such as FEMA (US) and IFRA (Global) establish guidelines for its use, considering its functional benefits and safety profiles in these applications.
Physico-Chemical Properties Summary
Resorcinol is a solid substance with a melting point between 110 and 112°C and a boiling point near 281°C under standard pressure. It exhibits moderate volatility, with a vapor pressure of approximately 0.002 mmHg at 25°C and vapor density of 3.8 relative to air. The compound has moderate lipophilicity indicated by its log P value of 0.8, signifying balanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions which are relevant in formulation design. Resorcinol is soluble in alcohols and estimated to have significant water solubility (85,710 mg/L at 25°C), facilitating its incorporation into aqueous and alcohol-based systems. Its flash point is 230°F (about 110°C), restricting use conditions to prevent ignition risks. These properties influence its behavior in various matrices including food, cosmetic, and industrial products.
FAQ
What is resorcinol and what are its main properties?
Resorcinol is an organic compound classified as a benzene-1,3-diol with two hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring. It is a crystalline solid known for its distinct nutty, creamy, and vanilla-like odor. The chemical has a melting point around 110 to 112°C and a boiling point near 281°C. Its chemical formula is C6H6O2. Resorcinol is moderately soluble in water and alcohol and carries a log P value indicating moderate polarity. These attributes determine its utility in diverse applications such as flavoring, fragrance, and hair dye agents.
Where does resorcinol occur naturally and how is it used industrially?
Resorcinol occurs naturally in plants such as the jambul fruit. Industrially, it is primarily synthetically produced for uses in flavors and fragrances where it contributes creamy and vanilla notes. It also serves as a hair dyeing agent in cosmetic products. Additionally, resorcinol is employed in manufacturing food contact materials, particularly in sealing gaskets for containers. Its versatility stems from its chemical stability and characteristic sensory properties, making it valuable across multiple sectors.
What regulations and safety considerations apply to resorcinol?
Resorcinol is subject to regulatory oversight including FEMA (US) for flavor applications and IFRA (Global) standards for fragrance use. It is classified in Europe as harmful if swallowed and irritating to skin and eyes, with environmental toxicity concerns requiring controlled handling. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) emphasize precautions such as avoiding skin and eye contact and protectiveness measures during use. Maximum recommended exposure levels in various food products are established to ensure consumer safety. Comprehensive toxicological data are available and should be consulted in formulation and handling contexts.
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents
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| Google Books | Start search |
| Google Patents | Start search |
| Perfumer & Flavorists | Start search |
| EU Patents | Start search |
| PubMeb | Start search |
| NCBI | Start search |
Literature & References
| benzene-1,3-diol | |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 108-46-3 |
| Pubchem (cid): | 5054 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134970519 |
Other Information
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): | View |
| FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: | View |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| Metabolomics Database: | Search |
| UM BBD: | Search |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C01751 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB32037 |
| FooDB: | FDB008738 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2907.21.0000 |
| FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: | View |
| VCF-Online: | VCF Volatile Compounds in Food |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
| Formulations/Preparations: •grades: usp; technical •available as an ointment, cream, or lotion in concentrations of 1 to 10%. it is also used as compound resorcinol ointment, which contains 6% resorcinol. resorcinol monoacetate gradually liberates resorcinol and, therefore, exerts a milder but more lasting action. it is used for the same purposes as resorcinol. resorcinol monoacetate is compounded with sulfur in preparations for seborrhea. •castellani paint topical antifungal agent contains resorcinol, basic fuchsin, phenol, acetone and alcohol •night cast formula r medicated acne mask contains 2% resorcinol, 8% sulfur and 31% alcohol •resinol ointment and resinol greaseless cream contain 2.0% resorcinol •resulfolin contains 3% resorcinol monoacetate | |
General Material Information
| Preferred name | resorcinol |
| Trivial Name | Resorcinol |
| Short Description | benzene-1,3-diol |
| Formula | C6 H6 O2 |
| CAS Number | 108-46-3 |
| FEMA Number | 3589 |
| Flavis Number | 4.047 |
| ECHA Number | 203-585-2 |
| FDA UNII | YUL4LO94HK |
| Nikkaji Number | J2.863K |
| Beilstein Number | 0906905 |
| MDL | MFCD00002269 |
| COE Number | 11250 |
| Bio Activity Summary | External link |
| NMR Predictor | External link |
| JECFA Food Flavoring | 712 resorcinol |
| FDA Patent | No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances |
| FDA Mainterm | 108-46-3 ; RESORCINOL |
| Synonyms |
|
Suppliers
| LBB Specialties | Coompo |
| Glentham Life Sciences | OQEMA |
| Penta International | Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| Shiva Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals | Sigma-Aldrich |
| TCI AMERICA | Penta International Corporation |
PhysChem Properties
| Material listed in food chemical codex | No |
| Molecular weight | 110.11222076416 |
| Melting Point | 110 to 112°C @ 760 mm Hg |
| Boiling Point | 281 to 281°C @ 760 mm Hg |
| Vapor Pressure | 0.002 mmHg @ 25 °C |
| Vapor Density | 3.8 |
| Flash Point TCC Value | 110 °C TCC |
| logP (o/w) | 0.8 |
| Solubility | |
| alcohol | Yes |
| water, 8.571e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | Yes |
| water | No |
Organoleptic Properties
| Odor Type: Nutty | |
| nutty, creamy, phenolic, hawthorn, musty, vanilla | |
| Luebke, William tgsc, (1987) | At 1.00 % in propylene glycol. nutty creamy phenolic hawthorn musty |
| Mosciano, Gerard P&F 14, No. 6, 47, (1989) | Creamy, vanilla |
| Flavor Type: Vanilla | |
| creamy, vanilla, phenolic, musty | |
| Mosciano, Gerard P&F 14, No. 6, 47, (1989) | At 100.00 ppm. Creamy, vanilla, slightly phenolic and musty |
Occurrences
| (data available) |
Potential Uses
| Applications | |
| Odor purposes | Cream , Vanilla |
| Flavoring purposes | Cream sour cream |
| Other purposes | Hair dyeing agents |
| Cosmetic purposes | Fragrance , Hair dyeing agents |
Safety Information
Safety information
| Preferred SDS: View | |
| European information : | |
| Most important hazard(s): | |
| Xn N - Harmful, Dangerous for the environment. | |
| R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. R 36/38 - Irritating to skin and eyes. R 50 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 37/39 - Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection. S 61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet. | |
| Hazards identification | |
| Classification of the substance or mixture | |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) | |
| None found. | |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements | |
| Pictogram | |
| Hazard statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | |
| oral-rat LD50 301 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Data Sheets. Vol. 11-4/1970 oral-mouse LD50 200 mg/kg Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 4, Pg. 105, 1991. intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 215 mg/kg Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Vol. 61, Pg. 291, 1966. intravenous-dog LDLo 700 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. parenteral-frog LDLo 270 mg/kg CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 166, Pg. 437, 1932. oral-human LDLo 29 mg/kg "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 519, 1969. | |
| Dermal Toxicity: | |
| skin-rabbit LD50 3360 mg/kg SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): PRIMARY IRRITATION: AFTER TOPICAL EXPOSURE American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 37, Pg. 596, 1976. subcutaneous-guinea pig LDLo 400 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: COMA BEHAVIORAL: TETANY BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande. Vol. 15, Pg. 561, 1895. subcutaneous-mouse LD50 213 mg/kg Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete. Vol. 2, Pg. 333, 1947. subcutaneous-cat LDLo 110 mg/kg BLOOD: METHEMOGLOBINEMIA-CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 72, Pg. 241, 1913. subcutaneous-rat LDLo 400 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: COMA BEHAVIORAL: TETANY BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande. Vol. 15, Pg. 561, 1895. | |
| Inhalation Toxicity: | |
| inhalation-rat LCLo 160 mg/m3/1H BIOFAX Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Data Sheets. Vol. 11-4/1970 | |
Safety in use information
| Category: | |||
| food contact closures with sealing gaskets for food containers | |||
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search | |||
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice | |||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 1.20 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 0.30 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). | |||
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library | |||
| publication number: 11 | |||
| Click here to view publication 11 | |||
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm | ||
| baked goods: | - | 15.00000 | |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | - | |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - | |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - | |
| cheese: | - | - | |
| chewing gum: | - | - | |
| condiments / relishes: | - | 5.00000 | |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - | |
| egg products: | - | - | |
| fats / oils: | - | - | |
| fish products: | - | - | |
| frozen dairy: | - | - | |
| fruit ices: | - | - | |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - | |
| granulated sugar: | - | - | |
| gravies: | - | 5.00000 | |
| hard candy: | - | - | |
| imitation dairy: | - | - | |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - | |
| jams / jellies: | - | - | |
| meat products: | - | 5.00000 | |
| milk products: | - | - | |
| nut products: | - | - | |
| other grains: | - | - | |
| poultry: | - | - | |
| processed fruits: | - | - | |
| processed vegetables: | - | - | |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - | |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | 10.00000 | |
| snack foods: | - | 10.00000 | |
| soft candy: | - | - | |
| soups: | - | 5.00000 | |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - | |
| sweet sauces: | - | - | |
Safety references
| European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
| European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
| Flavouring Group Evaluation 58 (FGE.58) Consideration of phenol derivatives evaluated by JECFA (55th meeting) structurally related to ring substituted phenolic substances evaluated by EFSA in FGE.22 (2006) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
| Scientific Opinion on the use of Resorcinol as a food additive View page or View pdf |
| Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of phenol derivatives containing ring-alkyl, ring-alkoxy and side-chains with an oxygenated functional group (chemical group 25) when used as flavourings for all species View page or View pdf |
| EPI System: View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov:search |
| Daily Med:search |
| NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards:search |
| NIOSH Pocket Guide:search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| Carcinogenic Potency Database:Search |
| EPA GENetic TOXicology:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):108-46-3 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :5054 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| SCCNFP:opinion |
| WISER:UN 2876 |
| WGK Germany:2 |
| benzene-1,3-diol |
| Chemidplus:0000108463 |
| EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials |
| RTECS:108-46-3 |