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ethyl formate

Chemical Structure

General Material Information

Preferred name ethyl formate
Trivial Name Ethyl formate
Short Description formic acid ethyl ester
Formula C3 H6 O2
CAS Number 109-94-4
FEMA Number 2434
Flavis Number 9.072
ECHA Number 203-721-0
FDA UNII 0K3E2L5553
Nikkaji Number J1.971B
Beilstein Number 0906769
MDL MFCD00003294
COE Number 339
xLogP3-AA 0.50 (est)
Bio Activity Summary External link
NMR Predictor External link
JECFA Food Flavoring 26 ethyl formate
FDA Patent No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm 109-94-4 ; ETHYL FORMATE
Synonyms
  • areginal
  • carboxylic acid oxaethane
  • ethyl ester of formic acid
  • nat. ethyl formate
  • ethyl formate (natural)
  • ethyl formate FCC
  • ethyl formate natural
  • ethyl formate naturel
  • ethyl formic ester
  • ethyl methanoate
  • formic acid ethyl ester
  • formic ether
  • Formic acid, ethyl ester
  • Methanoic acid ethyl ester
  • NSC 406578
  • NSC 8828

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

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Literature & References

ethyl formate
NIST Chemistry WebBook:Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:109-94-4
Pubchem (cid):8025
Pubchem (sid):134974012
Flavornet:109-94-4
Pherobase:View
Publications by Info
Volatile Flavor Components in Bogyojosaeng and Suhong Cultivars of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)
Publications by PubMed
Postharvest control of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and California red scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with ethyl formate and its impact on citrus fruit quality.
Ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate--a potential liquid fumigant for stored grains.
Effect of ionization on infrared and electronic absorption spectra of methyl and ethyl formate in the gas phase and in astrophysical H2O ice: a computational study.
Efficacy of vaporised ethyl formate/carbon dioxide formulation against stored-grain insects: effect of fumigant concentration, exposure time and two grain temperatures.
Field evaluation of vaporised ethyl formate and carbon dioxide for fumigation of stored wheat.
Modelling the kinetics of ethyl formate sorption by wheat using batch experiments.
The aromatic character of thienopyrrole-modified 20π-electron porphyrinoids.
Identification of ethyl formate as a quality marker of the fermented off-note in coffee by a nontargeted chemometric approach.
Fumigation of wheat using liquid ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate in 50-tonne farm bins.
Improved efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects by combination with carbon dioxide in a 'dynamic' application.
Ethyl formate - alternative dispersed solvent useful in preparing PLGA microspheres.
Isomer-specific fuel destruction pathways in rich flames of methyl acetate and ethyl formate and consequences for the combustion chemistry of esters.
Ethyl formate as a postharvest fumigant for selected pests of table grapes.
The proton inventory technique in a dual mechanistic system: the spontaneous hydrolysis of ethyl formate.
Evaluation of microwave irradiation for analysis of carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, cyanogen, ethyl formate, methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride, propylene oxide, and phosphine in hay.
Experimental and modeling study of the thermal decomposition of C3-C5 ethyl esters behind reflected shock waves.
BF3·Et2O-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Reaction of Aziridinofullerenes with Carbonyl Compounds.
[Study on quality standard of Selaginella moellendorffii].
A systematic approach for optimizing the robustness of pulse sequence elements with respect to couplings, offsets, and B1-field inhomogeneities (COB).
Zinc catalysts for on-demand hydrogen generation and carbon dioxide functionalization.
Novel series of 17β-pyrazolylandrosta-5,16-diene derivatives and their inhibitory effect on 17α-hydroxylase/C(17,20)-lyase.
Molecular analysis of volatile metabolites released specifically by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Different families of volatile organic compounds pollution control by microporous carbons in temperature swing adsorption processes.
Crucial aspects of high performance thin layer chromatography quantitative validation. The case of determination of rosmarinic acid in different matrices.
Reactions of the terminal Ni(II)-OH group in substitution and electrophilic reactions with carbon dioxide and other substrates: structural definition of binding modes in an intramolecular Ni(II)...Fe(II) bridged site.
Synthesis and electrophilic substitutions of novel pyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines.
Chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave study of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl formate.
A remarkable multicomponent cascade sequence for the formation of a spirocyclic polyether.
Another paradigm in solvent extraction-based microencapsulation technologies.
1,3-Dihy-droxy-2-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)propan-2-aminium formate.
Strigolactone analogs derived from ketones using a working model for germination stimulants as a blueprint.
Fuel-specific influences on the composition of reaction intermediates in premixed flames of three C5H10O2 ester isomers.
Selective determination of aloin in different matrices by HPTLC densitometry in fluorescence mode.
Selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry for absolute quantification of aroma compounds in the headspace of dry fermented sausages.
Determination of polyphenolics in extracts of Potentilla species by high-performance thin-layer chromatography photodensitometry method.
The atmospheric oxidation of diethyl ether: chemistry of the C2H5-O-CH(O.)CH3 radical between 218 and 335 K.
Toxicities of 31 volatile low molecular weight compounds against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.
Modeling the heat and mass transfers in temperature-swing adsorption of volatile organic compounds onto activated carbons.
Analysis of formic acid in air samples.
Reverse micelle-based microencapsulation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride into poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide microspheres.
Gas-phase fragmentation study of novel synthetic 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Evidence for C-H...O=C bonding in coadsorbed aromatic-carbonyl systems on Pt(111).
Simultaneous determination of formic acid and formaldehyde in pharmaceutical excipients using headspace GC/MS.
Solvent effects on the structural and formyl substrate reactivity properties of a nitrogen/sulfur-ligated zinc hydroxide complex.
Cytochrome c oxidase inhibition in the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) by formate, the toxic metabolite of volatile alkyl formates.
In vitro efficacy of plant volatiles for inhibiting the growth of fruit and vegetable decay microorganisms.
Synthesis of modified nucleosides for incorporation of formyletheno and carboxyetheno adducts of adenine nucleosides into oligonucleotides.
Degradation patterns of tetracycline antibiotics in reverse micelles and water.
Evaluation of volatile low molecular weight insecticides using Drosophila melanogaster as a model.
Characteristics of felodipine-located poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres.
Surfactant-free microspheres of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/poly (ethylene glycol)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) triblock copolymers as a protein carrier.
Oxidative pyrolysis of organic ion exchange resins in the presence of metal oxide catalysts.
Determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in urine by gas chromatography thermal energy analysis: application in workers exposed to aqueous metalworking fluids.
Determination of alpha-bisabolol and d-panthenol in cosmetic products by gas chromatography.
Access to fluorescent probes via allyl glycosides: the synthesis of a Brucella trisaccharide epitope linked to a coumarin.
Synthesis of certain 2-aminoadamantane derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents.
Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile and other polar aprotic solvents are strong inducers of aneuploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Absorption dynamics of organic chemical transport across trout gills as related to octanol-water partition coefficient.
[Quality standard for Xindi soft capsule].
From chemosensory thresholds to whole body exposures-experimental approaches evaluating chemosensory effects of chemicals.
Development of new reverse micellar microencapsulation technique to load water-soluble drug into PLGA microspheres.
Flexible synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2,8-dialkyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes and 2,7-dialkyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes from propargylic and homopropargylic alcohols.
Ortho-Directed Lithiation of omega-Phenoxy Alcohols.
Cooperative reactivity of early-late heterodinuclear transition metal complexes with polar organic substrates
The synthesis of antibody binding-site probes: a hexasaccharide and two pentasaccharides related to the Brucella A antigen and prepared by in situ activation of thioglycosides with bromine.
The design and synthesis of antibody binding site probes: three pentasaccharide analogues of the Brucella A antigen prepared by activation in situ of thioglycosides with bromine.
1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-6-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, analogues, and derivatives. A new class of oral hypoglycemic agents.
Synthesis and pharmacological activity of derivatives of exo-trimethylenenorbornane. II.
[Steroidal heterocyclic compounds: [16,15-c]-pyrazole derivatives of estradiol and of estrone].
Characterization of esterases produced by a ruminal bacterium identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.
Partial biochemical characterization of the activated esterase required in the complement-dependent chemotaxis of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Other Information

(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB31229
FooDB:FDB003253
YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database):YMDB01684
Export Tariff Code:2915.13.5000
Typical G.C.
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Formulations/Preparations:
•areginal...is mixture of methyl formate and ethyl formate. •assay: 95% minimum. •grades: technical; fcc.

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex Yes
Molecular weight 74.079223632812
Specific gravity @ 25 °C
Pounds per Gallon 7.622 to 7.664
Refractive Index 1.359 to 1.363 @ 20 °C
Melting Point -81 to -80°C @ 760 mm Hg
Boiling Point 52 to 54°C @ 760 mm Hg
Boiling Point 6 to 7°C @ 100 mm Hg
Acid Value 1 max KOH/g
Vapor Pressure 245 mmHg @ 25 °C
Vapor Density 2.5
Flash Point TCC Value -19.44 °C TCC
logP (o/w) 0.23
Solubility
alcohol Yes
fixed oils Yes
propylene glycol Yes
water, 8.511e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) Yes
glycerin No
water No

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Ethereal
ethereal, green, alcoholic, rose, cognac, fermented, winey
Odor strength high , recommend smelling in a 1.00 % solution or less
Substantivity 4 hour(s) at 100.00 %
Luebke, William tgsc, (1989) At 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol. ethereal green alcohol rose cognac
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 3, 55, (1998) At 2.00 %. Etherial, lifting, fermented, winey and cognac
Flavor Type: Ethereal
ethereal, sweet, grain, fruity, winey, cognac
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 23, No. 3, 55, (1998) At 200.00 ppm. Etherial, sweet, grainy, fruity, winey and cognac
Useful in: mint, savory vegetable, fruity red, fruity yellow, fruity tropical, fruity others, sweet others, alcoholics. Sweet, rum, fruity, baked fruit, whisky
General comment Sweet, fruity

Occurrences

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 11 - Highly flammable.
R 20/22 - Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.
R 36/37 - Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
S 09 - Keep container in a well-ventilated place.
S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking.
S 24 - Avoid contact with skin.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Human Experience:
4 % solution: no irritation or sensitization.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50 1850 mg/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964.

oral-rabbit LD50 2075 mg/kg
Industrial Medicine and Surgery. Vol. 41, Pg. 31, 1972.

oral-guinea pig LD50 1110 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) GASTROINTESTINAL: GASTRITIS
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964.

Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 > 20 ml/kg
AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 10, Pg. 61, 1954.

subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 1000 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 16, Pg. 737, 1978.

Inhalation Toxicity:
inhalation-rat LCLo 8000 ppm/4H
AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 10, Pg. 61, 1954.

Safety in use information

Category:
flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
Recommendation for ethyl formate usage levels up to:
2.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -98.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -9.40000
beverages(alcoholic): -10.00000
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: -430.00000
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -21.00000
fruit ices: -21.00000
gelatins / puddings: 0.3500011.00000
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -50.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --

Safety references

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Flavouring Group Evaluation 2, Revision 1 (FGE.02) : Branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and related esters of primary alcohols and straight-chain carboxylic acids and one straight-chain aldehyde from chemical groups 1 and 2 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of straight-chain primary aliphatic alcohols/aldehydes/acids, acetals and esters with esters containing saturated alcohols and acetals containing saturated aldehydes (chemical group 1) when used as flavourings for all animal species
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards:search
NIOSH Pocket Guide:search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):109-94-4
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :8025
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WISER:UN 1190
WGK Germany:1
ethyl formate
Chemidplus:0000109944
EPA/NOAA CAMEO:hazardous materials
RTECS:109-94-4