theobromine

General Material Information

Preferred name	theobromine
Trivial Name	Theobromine
Short Description	3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
Formula	C7 H8 N4 O2
CAS Number	83-67-0
FEMA Number	3591
Flavis Number	16.032
ECHA Number	201-494-2
FDA UNII	OBD445WZ5P
Nikkaji Number	J3.874A
Beilstein Number	0016464
MDL	MFCD00022830
Bio Activity Summary	External link
NMR Predictor	External link
FDA Patent	No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm	83-67-0 ; THEOBROMINE
Synonyms	3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione 2,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl purine 2,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-purine 2,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylpurine 3,7-dimethyl xanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6-dione 3,7-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione 3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione 3,7-dimethyl-xanthine 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione 3,7-dimethylxanthine diuretin diurobromine 1H- purine-2, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl- 1H- purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl- 1H- purine-2,6-dione,3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl- teobromin theobromin theobromine natural theosalvose theostene thesodate xanthine, 3,7-dimethyl- 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl- 3,7-Dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione 3,7-Dimethylxanthine SC 15090 Santheose Thesal 3,7-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione NSC 5039 3,7-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione 3,7-Dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione MeSH ID: D013805

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

Google Scholar	Start search
Google Books	Start search
Google Patents	Start search
Perfumer & Flavorists	Start search
EU Patents	Start search
PubMeb	Start search
NCBI	Start search

Literature & References

	3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	83-67-0
Pubchem (cid):	5429
Pubchem (sid):	134971694

Publications by US Patents
4,006,261 - Flavoring with mixtures of theobromine and cyclic dipeptides
Publications by PubMed
Theobromine enhances absorption of cacao polyphenol in rats.
Differing chemical compositions of three teas may explain their different effects on acute blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Quantitative analysis of major constituents in green tea with different plucking periods and their antioxidant activity.
Alkaloids and athlete immune function: caffeine, theophylline, gingerol, ephedrine, and their congeners.
Identification and determination of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in eight common herbal weight loss supplements.
Interactions among chemical components of Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang), a naturally low caffeine-containing tea species.
Cocoa phytochemicals: recent advances in molecular mechanisms on health.
Diet of patients after pouch surgery may affect pouch inflammation.
Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate.
Simultaneous determination of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine in food samples by a kinetic spectrophotometric method.
Simultaneous quantification of caffeine and its three primary metabolites in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Fuzhuanins A and B: the B-ring fission lactones of flavan-3-ols from Fuzhuan brick-tea.
[About flavouring substances and flavouring preparations regulation in the field of manufacturing of flavourings and foodstuffs].
Concentration of biologically active compounds extracted from Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. by nanofiltration.
Cocoa and human health.
Guarana powder polysaccharides: characterisation and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a pectic fraction.
Development and validation of a rapid ultra high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methylxanthines in herbal infusions.
Involvement of a novel intronic microRNA in cross regulation of N-methyltransferase genes involved in caffeine biosynthesis in Coffea canephora.
Diversity of cacao trees in Waslala, Nicaragua: associations between genotype spectra, product quality and yield potential.
Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample.
The protective effects of guaraná extract (Paullinia cupana) on fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells exposed to sodium nitroprusside.
Profiles of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids during the development of seeds of Theobroma cacao cv. Trinitario.
Modification of ginseng flavors by bitter compounds found in chocolate and coffee.
Influence of sugar type on the bioavailability of cocoa flavanols.
Development of a chromatographic low pressure flow injection system: application to the analysis of methylxanthines in coffee.
A general strategy for performing temperature-programming in high performance liquid chromatography--further improvements in the accuracy of retention time predictions of segmented temperature gradients.
Alkaloids in the human food chain--natural occurrence and possible adverse effects.
Comparison of the chemical constituents of aged pu-erh tea, ripened pu-erh tea, and other teas using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn.
Erythema multiforme-like eruption from a slimming drug preparation cutaneous adverse drug reaction.
Flavanols and methylxanthines in commercially available dark chocolate: a study of the correlation with nonfat cocoa solids.
Rapid methods to determine procyanidins, anthocyanins, theobromine and caffeine in rat tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia.
Caffeine, pentoxifylline and theophylline form stacking complexes with IQ-type heterocyclic aromatic amines.
Theobromine and the pharmacology of cocoa.
Natural compounds in the human diet and their ability to bind mutagens prevents DNA-mutagen intercalation.
Energy drinks: a review of use and safety for athletes.
Phenolic acids and methylxanthines composition and antioxidant properties of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) residue.
Rapid determination of methylxanthines in real samples by high-performance liquid chromatography using the new FastGradient narrow-bore monolithic column.
Methylxanthines and phenolics content extracted during the consumption of mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) beverages.
Natural cocoa as diet-mediated antimalarial prophylaxis.
Identification of a major polyphenol and polyphenolic composition in leaves of Camellia irrawadiensis.
Rapid determination of phenolic compounds and alkaloids of carob flour by improved liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Cilostazol: new drug. Intermittent claudication: too little efficacy, too many risks.
Antihypertensive effect of a polyphenol-rich cocoa powder industrially processed to preserve the original flavonoids of the cocoa beans.
Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for estimating usual daily fat, fibre, alcohol, caffeine and theobromine intakes among Belgian post-menopausal women.
Pharmacologic therapy for intermittent claudication.
Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient.
Pentoxifylline: a drug with wide spectrum applications in dermatology.
Anti-TNF treatment reduces rat skeletal muscle wasting in monocrotaline-induced cardiac cachexia.
Quantitation of methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and their effects on blood vessel formation in chick embryos.
Protection of human HepG2 cells against oxidative stress by cocoa phenolic extract.
Effects of chronic administration of caffeine and stress on feeding behavior of rats.
Simultaneous HPLC determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in food, drinks, and herbal products.
Determination of caffeine and associated compounds in food, beverages, natural products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
Short-term toxicity of aristolochic acid, aristolochic acid-I and aristolochic acid-II in rats.
Predictive relationship between polyphenol and nonfat cocoa solids content of chocolate.
Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages.
Lipopolysaccharide and trovafloxacin coexposure in mice causes idiosyncrasy-like liver injury dependent on tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Influence of peptone source on sporulation of Clostridium perfringens type A.
Selective liquid CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different Ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences.
Simultaneous analysis of catechins, gallic acid, strictinin, and purine alkaloids in green tea by using catechol as an internal standard.
Microbial and dietary factors associated with the 8-prenylnaringenin producer phenotype: a dietary intervention trial with fifty healthy post-menopausal Caucasian women.
Urinary excretion of dietary contaminants in horses.
Development of a biosensor for caffeine.
Infection and anorexia.
Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas.
Molecular definition of the taste of roasted cocoa nibs (Theobroma cacao) by means of quantitative studies and sensory experiments.
Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus.
Pentoxifylline in ALS: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial.
The pivotal role of cytokines in muscle wasting during cancer.
Sensory-guided decomposition of roasted cocoa nibs (Theobroma cacao) and structure determination of taste-active polyphenols.
Solid-phase ultraviolet sensing system for determination of methylxanthines.
Evaluation of cocoa- and coffee-derived methylxanthines as toxicants for the control of pest coyotes.
Reinforcing effects of caffeine and theobromine as found in chocolate.
Classification of Ilex species based on metabolomic fingerprinting using nuclear magnetic resonance and multivariate data analysis.
Uric acid or 1-methyl uric acid in the urinary bladder increases serum glucose, insulin, true triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in Wistar rats.
Plant biochemistry: a naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee.
Dietary sources of nutrients among US adults, 1994 to 1996.
Determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in standard reference material 2384, baking chocolate, using reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
HPLC-MSn analysis of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids in green and black tea.
Influence of agronomic variables on the composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) extracts obtained from CO2 extraction at 30 degrees C and 175 bar.
Lisofylline, a novel anti-inflammatory agent, enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro: studies in prediabetic and normal rats.
Metabolite profiling using (1)H NMR spectroscopy for quality assessment of green tea, Camellia sinensis (L.).
Effects of coffee components on the response of GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Chocolate feeding of pregnant mice influences length of limbs of their progeny.
Producing decaffeinated coffee plants.
[Simultaneous determination of various food additives by high performance liquid chromatography].
The role of Kupffer cells and TNF-alpha in monocrotaline and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury.
Value assignment of nutrient concentrations in standard reference material 2384 baking chocolate.
Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity of boar semen by pentoxifylline, caffeine, and theophylline.
Characterization of T lymphocyte subtypes in endotoxin-induced uveitis and effect of pentoxifylline treatment.
Caffeine potentiates the discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine in rats.
Extraction of methylxanthines from guaraná seeds, maté leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Cacao usage by the earliest Maya civilization.
Study of catechin and xanthine tea profiles as geographical tracers.
Short-term toxicity of grass carp bile powder, 5alpha-cyprinol and 5alpha-cyprinol sulfate in rats.
Simultaneous determination of artificial sweeteners, preservatives, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in food and pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography.
Food of the gods as mortals' medicine: the uses of choclate and cacao products.
Developmental variation of sugars, carboxylic acids, purine alkaloids, fatty acids, and endoproteinase activity during maturation of Theobroma cacao L. seeds.
Changes of gastric lipase activity after ethanol and indomethacin administration: influence of pretreatment with allopurinol, pentoxifylline and L-DOPA.
Improved high-performance liquid chromatography method to determine theobromine and caffeine in cocoa and cocoa products.
Integrating anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: current and future perspectives.
Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients.
Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products.
Medical management of peripheral arterial disease.
Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates.
Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates.
Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion.
Cytosolic xanthine oxidoreductase mediated bioactivation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and free radicals in rat breast tissue. Its potential role in alcohol-promoted mammary cancer.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhances aflatoxin B1 hepatotoxicity in rats by a mechanism that depends on tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Inhibition of adenosine uptake and augmentation of ischemia-induced increase of interstitial adenosine by cilostazol, an agent to treat intermittent claudication.
Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in dogs after oral and intravenous administration.
Caffeine and theobromine levels in selected Nigerian beverages.
Dose independent pharmacokinetics of caffeine after intravenous administration under a chronic food-limited regimen.
Caffeine and theobromine levels in chocolate couverture and coating products.
Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the simultaneous prediction of alkaloids and phenolic substances in green tea leaves.
Extraction of purine alkaloids from maté (Ilex paraguariensis) using supercritical CO(2).
Rapid analysis of methylated xanthines in teas by an improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a polyvinylpolypyrroridone pre-column.
Striking regression of subcutaneous fibrosis induced by high doses of gamma rays using a combination of pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol: an experimental study.
Nutritive value of hot water- or cocoa-pod ash solution-treated cocoa bean cake for broiler chicks.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha alters resistance to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice.
Nitric oxide deficiency, leukocyte activation, and resultant ischemia are crucial to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy/neuropathy--preventive potential of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, chromium, ginkgolides, and pentoxifylline.
Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná.
Determination of caffeine and its metabolites by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis.
Recent advances in caffeine and theobromine toxicities: a review.
Oxidation of caffeine and related methylxanthines in ascorbate and polyphenol-driven Fenton-type oxidations.
Protein profiles and organoleptic properties of bread from wheat flour and full-fat or defatted fermented cocoa bean powder.
Oral and IP caffeine pharmacokinetics under a chronic food-limitation condition.
Analysis of the potential carcinogenicity of coffee and its related compounds in a medium-term liver bioassay of rats.
Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry.
Breast cancer and methylxanthine consumption.
Urinary excretion of theobromine in horses given contaminated pelleted food.
The effect of methylxanthines on milk volume and composition, and growth of rat pups.
The excretion of theobromine in Thoroughbred racehorses after feeding compounded cubes containing cocoa husk--establishment of a threshold value in horse urine.
Effect of methylxanthines on lactational performance of rats.
Use of flavor-amplified foods to improve nutritional status in elderly patients.
Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 3. Theobromine, paraxanthine and the combined effects of methylxanthines.
Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 1. Theophylline.
Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: possible significance for epidemiological studies.
The effect of nutritional factors on sex hormone levels in male twins.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity assessments of caffeine and theobromine.
Effect of pentoxifylline on Wrb antigen.
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of theobromine and caffeine.
Evaluation of the perinatal, postnatal and teratogenic effects of cocoa powder and theobromine in Sprague-Dawley/CD rats.
Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of cocoa powder and theobromine in New Zealand White rabbits.
Modulation of the behavioral effects of chlordiazepoxide by methylxanthines and analogs of adenosine in squirrel monkeys.
The fate of chronically consumed caffeine in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
Pentoxifylline: a new agent for intermittent claudication.
Antagonism of the behavioral effects of L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) by caffeine and its metabolites.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine in food products.
Comparative toxicities of dietary caffeine and theobromine in the rat.
Tea: the plant and its manufacture; chemistry and consumption of the beverage.
Analytical methods for quantitation of methylxanthines.
Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products.
Central nervous system pharmacology of the dietary methylxanthines.
Theobromine metabolism.
[Effect of the harvest season on the composition of raw and fermented cotyledons of 2 varieties of cacao and shell fractions].
Effects of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine on scheduled controlled responding in rats.
Genotoxicity of cocoa examined by microbial and mammalian systems.
[Effect of methylxanthines on urinary prostaglandin E excretion of rats acutely loaded with salt and water (author's transl)].
The biochemistry and technology of tea manufacture.
Metabolic pathway of theobromine in the rat and identification of two new metabolites in human urine.
Effects on plasma and brain tryptophan in the rat of drugs and hormones that influence the concentration of unesterified fatty acid in the plasma.
Effect on hamster caries by purine derivatives vanillin and some tannin-containing materials. Caries in relation to food consumption and animal growth.
[Determination of Theobromine and its metabolites in urine].
VITAMIN E CONTENT OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):	View
CHEBI:	View
CHEMBL:	View
Golm Metabolome Database:	Search
UM BBD:	Search
KEGG (GenomeNet):	C07480
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	HMDB02825
FooDB:	FDB000455
Export Tariff Code:	2934.99.4400
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status:	View
VCF-Online:	VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View
Formulations/Preparations: •double salt or mixture of calcium theobromine and calcium salicylate. contains no less than 44% theobromine. white, amorphous powder. slightly saline taste. partly sol in water. aqueous solutions are alkaline to phenolphthalein. calcium salicyclate •equimolar mixture of sodium theobromine and sodium acetate, containing 1 h2o. theobromine 59.6%, anhydrous sodium acetate 27.1%. white, odorless or almost odorless, hygroscopic powder. absorbs co2 from the air becoming incompletely soluble. very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; the solutions are strongly alkaline. sodium acetate •equimolar mixture of sodium theobromine and sodium salicylate, containing 1h2o. theobromine 47.3%, sodium salicylate 42.1%. white, odorless of almost odorless, hygroscopic powder. absorbs co2 from the air becoming incompletely soluble. soluble in 1 part water; slightly soluble in alcohol: the solutions are strongly alkaline. ph about 10. sodium salicylate

Suppliers

Alfa Biotechnology	BOC Sciences
Penta International	Santa Cruz Biotechnology
Shaanxi Y-Herb Biotechnology	Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma
TCI AMERICA	Penta International Corporation

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Molecular weight	180.16716003418
Melting Point	345 to 350°C @ 760 mm Hg
Flash Point TCC Value	N/a
logP (o/w)	-0.78
Shelf life	24 months (or longer if stored properly.)
Storage notes	Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Solubility
alcohol	Yes
water, 1.248e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes
water, 330 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)	Yes
water	No

Organoleptic Properties

Flavor Type: Bitter
bitter
General comment	Bitter

Occurrences

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing.

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50 1265 mg/kg Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 26(3), Pg. 59, 1982. oral-mouse LD50 837 mg/kg Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 26(3), Pg. 59, 1982. oral-human LDLo 26 mg/kg Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 113, 1946. intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 552 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD Acta Pharmaceutica Vol. 46, Pg. 93, 1996. oral-cat LD50 200 mg/kg "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986Vol. -, Pg. 1372, 1986. oral-dog LD50 300 mg/kg Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 53, Pg. 481, 1980. oral-human TDLo 26 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 113, 1946.
Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 1000 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. subcutaneous-mouse LD50 530 mg/kg Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 6, Pg. 601, 1956.
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
flavoring agents
Recommendation for theobromine usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU):		30.00 (μg/capita/day)
Structure Class:		III
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 11
Click here to view publication 11
		average usual ppm	average maximum ppm
baked goods:		-	1050.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic):		-	-
beverages(alcoholic):		-	-
breakfast cereal:		-	-
cheese:		-	-
chewing gum:		-	-
condiments / relishes:		-	-
confectionery froastings:		-	4020.00000
egg products:		-	-
fats / oils:		-	-
fish products:		-	-
frozen dairy:		-	-
fruit ices:		-	-
gelatins / puddings:		-	795.00000
granulated sugar:		-	-
gravies:		-	-
hard candy:		-	-
imitation dairy:		-	-
instant coffee / tea:		-	-
jams / jellies:		-	-
meat products:		-	-
milk products:		-	990.00000
nut products:		-	-
other grains:		-	-
poultry:		-	-
processed fruits:		-	-
processed vegetables:		-	-
reconstituted vegetables:		-	-
seasonings / flavors:		-	-
snack foods:		-	-
soft candy:		-	4020.00000
soups:		-	-
sugar substitutes:		-	-
sweet sauces:		-	3300.00000

Food categories according to Commission Regulation EC No. 1565/2000 (EC, 2000) in FGE.06 (EFSA, 2002a). According to the Industry the "normal" use is defined as the average of reported usages and "maximum use" is defined as the 95th percentile of reported usages (EFSA, 2002i).
Note: mg/kg = 0.001/1000 = 0.000001 = 1/1000000 = ppm.
		average usage mg/kg	maximum usage mg/kg
Dairy products, excluding products of category 02.0 (01.0):		20.00000	70.00000
Fats and oils, and fat emulsions (type water-in-oil) (02.0):		-	-
Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet (03.0):		-	-
Processed fruit (04.1):		-	-
Processed vegetables (incl. mushrooms & fungi, roots & tubers, pulses and legumes), and nuts & seeds (04.2):		-	-
Confectionery (05.0):		-	-
Chewing gum (05.3):		-	-
Cereals and cereal products, incl. flours & starches from roots & tubers, pulses & legumes, excluding bakery (06.0):		-	-
Bakery wares (07.0):		-	-
Meat and meat products, including poultry and game (08.0):		-	-
Fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms (MCE) (09.0):		-	-
Eggs and egg products (10.0):		-	-
Sweeteners, including honey (11.0):		-	-
Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads, protein products, etc. (12.0):		-	-
Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (13.0):		-	-
Non-alcoholic ("soft") beverages, excl. dairy products (14.1):		75.00000	100.00000
Alcoholic beverages, incl. alcohol-free and low-alcoholic counterparts (14.2):		-	-
Ready-to-eat savouries (15.0):		-	-
Composite foods (e.g. casseroles, meat pies, mincemeat) - foods that could not be placed in categories 01.0 - 15.0 (16.0):		-	-

Safety references

European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Flavouring Group Evaluation 29 (FGE29)[1] - Substance from the priority list: Vinylbenzene from chemical group 31 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, (FGE.49)[1]: Xanthin alkaloids from the Priority list from chemical group 30
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1 (FGE.49Rev1): xanthine alkaloids from the priority list
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View

ClinicalTrials.gov:search

Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search

AIDS Citations:Search

Cancer Citations:Search

Toxicology Citations:Search

EPA GENetic TOXicology:Search

EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):83-67-0

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry