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pyrazine

Chemical Structure

General Material Information

Preferred name pyrazine
Trivial Name Pyrazine
Short Description 1,4-diazabenzene
Formula C4 H4 N2
CAS Number 290-37-9
Deleted CAS Number 1339899-95-4
FEMA Number 4015
Flavis Number 14.144
ECHA Number 206-027-6
FDA UNII 2JKE371789
Nikkaji Number J2.569K
Beilstein Number 0103905
MDL MFCD00006122
COE Number 11363
Bio Activity Summary External link
NMR Predictor External link
JECFA Food Flavoring 951 pyrazine
FDA Patent No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm 290-37-9 ; PYRAZINE
Synonyms
  • 1,4-diazabenzene
  • 1,4-diazine
  • p- diazine
  • para diazine
  • para- diazine
  • 1,4-Diazabenzene
  • 1,4-Diazine
  • Paradiazine
  • Piazine
  • p-Diazine
  • NSC 400221

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

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Perfumer & Flavorists Start search
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Other Information

(IUPAC):Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):View
CHEBI:View
CHEMBL:View
KEGG (GenomeNet):C02018
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB34176
FooDB:FDB012468
Export Tariff Code:2933.99.9701
Typical G.C.
VCF-Online:VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:View
Wikipedia:View

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex No
Molecular weight 80.089881896973
Melting Point 53 to 56°C @ 760 mm Hg
Boiling Point 115 to 116°C @ 760 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure 19.740999 mmHg @ 25 °C
Flash Point TCC Value 55.56 °C TCC
logP (o/w) -0.26
Solubility
alcohol Yes
water, 2.181e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) Yes

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Type: Nutty
pungent, sweet, corn, roasted, hazelnut, hazelnut roasted hazelnut, barley roasted barley
General comment At 0.10 % in propylene glycol. pungent sweet corn like roasted hazelnut barly

Occurrences

Potential Uses

Applications
Flavoring purposes Barley, Corn, Hazelnut

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xi - Irritant
R 10 - Flammable.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking.
S 22 - Do not breath dust.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 2730 mg/kg
Progress in Biochemical Pharmacology. Vol. 1, Pg. 542, 1965.

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
flavoring agents
Recommendation for pyrazine usage levels up to:
not for fragrance use.
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 0.024 (μg/capita/day)
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): 0.20 (μg/capita/day)
Structure Class: III
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 20
Click here to view publication 20
average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: 1.000005.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): 0.300001.50000
beverages(alcoholic): 0.600003.00000
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: --
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: 0.600003.00000
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: 0.600003.00000
fruit ices: --
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: 1.000005.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: 0.300001.50000
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: 1.000005.00000
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --

Safety references

European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 17 (FGE.17): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 50 (FGE.50): Consideration of pyrazine derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to pyrazine derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.17 (2005) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf

Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 1 (FGE.17Rev1): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) [1]
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 2 (FGE.17Rev2): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24
View page or View pdf

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 50, Revision 1 (FGE.50Rev1): Consideration of pyrazine derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to pyrazine derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.17Rev2 (2010)
View page or View pdf

EPI System: View
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search
AIDS Citations:Search
Cancer Citations:Search
Toxicology Citations:Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):290-37-9
EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :9261
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
WISER:UN 1325
WGK Germany:3
pyrazine
Chemidplus:0000290379
RTECS:UQ2015000 for cas# 290-37-9