azadirachtin

General Material Information

Trivial Name	azadirachtin
Short Description	1H,7H-naphtho[1,8a-c:4,5-b'c']difuran-5,10a(8H)dicarboxylic acid, 10-(acetyloxy)octahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methyl-8-[[(2E)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]oxy]-4-[(
Formula	C35 H44 O16
CAS Number	11141-17-6
Deleted CAS Number	176087-48-2
FDA UNII	O4U1SAF85H
Beilstein Number	4650697
MDL	MFCD00083241
xLogP3-AA	-0.60 (est)
NMR Predictor	External link
Applications	herbicides / pesticides
Synonyms	1H,7H- naphtho[1,8a-c:4,5-b'c']difuran-5,10a(8H)dicarboxylic acid, 10-(acetyloxy)octahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methyl-8-[[(2E)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl]oxy]-4-[(

Potential Uses

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Literature & References

NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid):	6436601
Pubchem (sid):	135048267

Publications by PubMed
Impact of pesticides on plant growth promotion of Vigna radiata and non-target microbes: comparison between chemical- and bio-pesticides.
Push-Pull Effects of Three Plant Secondary Metabolites on Oviposition of the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella.
Azadirachtin-induced hormesis mediating shift in fecundity-longevity trade-off in the Mexican bean weevil (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae).
Sustainable management tactics for control of Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola in Montana.
Lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin and cypermethrin on Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).
Survival and swimming behavior of insecticide-exposed larvae and pupae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.
Hepatoprotective activity of the neem-based constituent azadirachtin-A in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated Wistar rats.
Comparative toxicity of an acetogenin-based extract and commercial pesticides against citrus red mite.
Structure and electronic properties of azadirachtin.
Screening and design of anti-diabetic compounds sourced from the leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica).
[Population dynamics and control techniques of aphids on honeysuckle].
Growth inhibition and differences in protein profiles in azadirachtin-treated Drosophila melanogaster larvae.
Effect of elicitors and precursors on azadirachtin production in hairy root culture of Azadirachta indica.
Neem oil poisoning: Case report of an adult with toxic encephalopathy.
Assessment of pesticide residues in strawberries grown under various treatment regimes.
Development of a methodology and evaluation of pesticides against Aceria litchii and its predator Phytoseius intermedius (Acari: Eriophyidae, Phytoseiidae).
Correction: The Mitochondria-Mediate Apoptosis of Lepidopteran Cells Induced by Azadirachtin.
Azadirachta indica treatment on the congenital malformations of fetuses from rats.
Pulse exposure of cardiac glycoside enhances IL-8-mediated biological responses by increasing cell surface IL-8 receptors.
Do biopesticides affect the demographic traits of a parasitoid wasp and its biocontrol services through sublethal effects?
Impact of chemical- and bio-pesticides on bacterial diversity in rhizosphere of Vigna radiata.
One-pot fluorescent labeling protocol for complex hydroxylated bioactive natural products.
Review on pharmacological and toxicologyical effects of oleum azadirachti oil.
In vitro phytotherapy of vector snails by binary combinations of larvicidal active components in effective control of fascioliasis.
Neem derivatives are not effective as toxic bait for tephritid fruit flies.
Azadirachtin blocks the calcium channel and modulates the cholinergic miniature synaptic current in the central nervous system of Drosophila.
Production of the biopesticide azadirachtin by hairy root cultivation of Azadirachta indica in liquid-phase bioreactors.
The influence of insecticides on the viability of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions.
Ovicidal activity of three insect growth regulators against Aedes and Culex mosquitoes.
Microscopic analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) embryonic development before and after treatment with azadirachtin, lufenuron, and deltamethrin.
Laboratory evaluation of alternative control methods against the false tiger, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae).
Recent advances in the structure elucidation of small organic molecules by the LSD software.
Azadirachtin interacts with retinoic acid receptors and inhibits retinoic acid-mediated biological responses.
Azadirachtin interacts with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding domain of its receptors and inhibits TNF-induced biological responses.
The mitochondria-mediate apoptosis of Lepidopteran cells induced by azadirachtin.
Efficacy of pesticide mixtures against the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
Safety evaluation of eleven insecticides to Trichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
Effects of reduced-risk pesticides and plant growth regulators on rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) adults.
Potential use of neem leaf slurry as a sustainable dry season management strategy to control the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) in west African villages.
Effect of orally administered azadirachtin on non-specific immune parameters of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Survival and behavioural response to acaricides of the coconut mite predator Neoseiulus baraki.
Effects of insect growth regulators on the mosquito-parasitic nematode Romanomermis iyengari.
Effect of azadirachtin on haematological and biochemical parameters of Argulus-infested goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758).
Laboratory tests of insect growth regulators as bait sprays for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae).
A draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm Azadirachta indica.
Biodegradable polymer based encapsulation of neem oil nanoemulsion for controlled release of Aza-A.
Treatment with Azadirachta indica in diabetic pregnant rats: negative effects on maternal outcome.
Neem oil limonoids induces p53-independent apoptosis and autophagy.
Cytogenetic analyses of Azadirachtin reveal absence of genotoxicity but marked antiproliferative effects in human lymphocytes and CHO cells in vitro.
Effects of azadirachtin on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its compatibility with predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on strawberry.
An endophytic fungus from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. that produces azadirachtin.
Compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana with flufenoxuron and azadirachtin against Tetranychus urticae.
The joint action of destruxins and botanical insecticides (rotenone, azadirachtin and paeonolum) against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover.
Insecticidal activity of the granulosis virus in combination with neem products and talc powder against the potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).
Trypanosoma cruzi: effects of azadirachtin and ecdysone on the dynamic development in Rhodnius prolixus larvae.
Azadirachtin production by hairy root cultivation of Azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor.
Comparison of several extraction procedures for the determination of biopesticides in soil samples by ultrahigh pressure LC-MS/MS.
An SSH library responsive to azadirachtin A constructed in Spodoptera litura Fabricius cell lines.
Green synthesis of nanosilver as a sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide in water.
Botanical insecticides in controlling Kelly's citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on organic grapefruits.
Strategies to overcome oxygen transfer limitations during hairy root cultivation of Azadiracta indica for enhanced azadirachtin production.
Fascioliasis control: in vivo and in vitro phytotherapy of vector snail to kill fasciola larva.
In vitro azadirachtin production by hairy root cultivation of Azadirachta indica in nutrient mist bioreactor.
In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic activity of Azadirachtin against Argulus spp. in Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758).
Ultrastructural analysis of the oocytes of female Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks subjected to the action of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem).
Insecticidal compound isolated from Syzygium lineare Wall. (Myrtaceae) against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks.
Analytical study of azadirachtin and 3-tigloylazadirachtol residues in foliage and phloem of hardwood tree species by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.
Increased production of azadirachtin from an improved method of androgenic cultures of a medicinal tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer.
In vitro acaricidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts with known azadirachtin concentrations against Rhipicephalus microplus.
Environmental safety to decomposer invertebrates of azadirachtin (neem) as a systemic insecticide in trees to control emerald ash borer.
Effectiveness of insecticides in controlling the first and second generations of the Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in table grapes.
Comparative applications of azadirachtin- and Brevibacillus laterosporus-based formulations for house fly management experiments in dairy farms.
An HPLC method for determination of azadirachtin residues in bovine muscle.
Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem).
Antifeedant effect of commercial chemicals and plant extracts against Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
A comprehensive study on characterization of elite Neem chemotypes through mycofloral, tissue-cultural, ecomorphological and molecular analyses using azadirachtin-A as a biomarker.
Efficacy evaluation of a commercial neem cake for control of Haematobia irritans on Nelore cattle.
Effect of sublethal dose of diflubenzuron and azadirachtin on various life table attributes of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Azadirachtin interacts with retinoic acid receptors and inhibits retinoic acid-mediated biological responses.
Azadirachtin poisoning: a case report.
Insecticide survival and behavioral avoidance in the lacewings Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa cubana.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) induced morphological changes on oocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) tick females.
Deleterious activity of natural products on postures of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Acute and reproductive effects of Align, an insecticide containing azadirachtin, on the grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana.
Azadirachtin: an effective systemic insecticide for control of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).
Sunlight decreased genotoxicity of azadirachtin on root tip cells of Allium cepa and Eucrosia bicolor.
The neem limonoids azadirachtin and nimbolide induce cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells.
Development of controlled release formulations of azadirachtin-A employing poly(ethylene glycol) based amphiphilic copolymers.
[Effects of azadirachtin on rice plant volatiles induced by Nilaparvata lugens].
Ecdysteroid-mediated expression of hexamerin (arylphorin) in the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica.
Phenol oxidases from Rhodnius prolixus: temporal and tissue expression pattern and regulation by ecdysone.
Toxic effects of neem cake extracts on Aedes albopictus (Skuse) larvae.
Chemical characterization of Azadirachta indica grafted on Melia azedarach and analyses of azadirachtin by HPLC-MS-MS (SRM) and meliatoxins by MALDI-MS.
Purification of Azadirachta indica seed cake and its impact on nutritional and antinutritional factors.
Transmission blocking activity of a standardized neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extract on the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in its vector Anopheles stephensi.
Effect of chemotherapy, vaccines and immunostimulants on innate immunity of goldfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.
Fate of azadirachtin A and related azadirachtoids on tomatoes after greenhouse treatment.
On the physico-chemical and physiological requirements of hemozoin formation promoted by perimicrovillar membranes in Rhodnius prolixus midgut.
Evaluation of the susceptibility of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, to a selection of novel biorational insecticides using an artificial diet.
Compatibility of a Melia azedarach extract with Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Azadirachtin interacts with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding domain of its receptors and inhibits TNF-induced biological responses.
Effect of neem (Azardirachta indica A. Juss) seeds and leaves extract on some plant pathogenic fungi.
Detection of a related difference in efficacy of azadirachtin treatments for the control of whiteflies on Gerbera jamesonii by testing for interactions in generalised linear models.
Toxicity, feeding preference, and repellency associated with selected organic insecticides against Acrosternum hilare and Euschistus servus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).
Effect of pesticides on adult rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) survival in growing medium.
Melanogenesis inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indicia A. Juss. (neem).
Effect of azadirachtin of neemix-4.5 on SWR/J mice.
Influence of azadirachtin and methoxyfenozide on life parameters of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Neem-tree (Azadirachta indica Juss.) extract as a feed additive against the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) in sheep (Ovis aries).
Residues of rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrins and copper used to control Bactrocera oleae (Gmel.) in organic olives and oil.
Biological detection and analysis of toxicity of organophosphate- and azadirachtin-based insecticides in Lathyrus sativus L.
Rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae to gedunin-related limonoids.
Variation of major limonoids in Azadirachta indica fruits at different ripening stages and toxicity against Aedes aegypti.
The neem limonoids azadirachtin and nimbolide inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in an animal model of oral oncogenesis.
Do botanical pesticides alter the structure of the soil microbial community?
Insecticide resistance status of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype in south-eastern Spain.
The neem limonoids azadirachtin and nimbolide inhibit hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by modulating xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, DNA damage, antioxidants, invasion and angiogenesis.
Persistence of two neem formulations on peach leaves and fruit: effect of the distribution.
Toxicity of botanical formulations to nursery-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).
Laboratory evaluation of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) wood chippings on Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes.
Second-generation synthesis of azadirachtin: a concise preparation of the propargylic mesylate fragment.
Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine.
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reproduction during exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin.
Pesticidal seed coats based on azadirachtin-A: release kinetics, storage life and performance.
The azadirachtin story.
Assessment of skin and eye irritation of 14 products under the stepwise approach of the OECD.
Ultrastructural alteration of larvae and puparia of blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and house fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to neem extract.
The synthesis of azadirachtin: a potent insect antifeedant.
Comparative study on the responses of maxillary sensilla styloconica of cotton bollwormHelicoverpa armigera and Oriental tobacco budwormH. assulta larvae to phytochemicals.
Chemical characterization of Citrus sinensis grafted on C. limonia and the effect of some isolated compounds on the growth of Xylella fastidiosa.
Field efficacy of azadirachtin-A, tetrahydroazadirachtin-A, NeemAzal and endosulfan against key pests of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus).
Efficacy of neem extract against the blowfly and housefly.
Application timing and efficacy of alternatives for the insecticidal control of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae), a new invasive pest of turf in the northeastern United States.
A simple and selective method for the measurement of azadirachtin and related azadirachtoid levels in fruits and vegetables using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Abamectin, pymetrozine and azadirachtin sequence as a unique solution to control the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting garden beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Egypt.
An approach for IPM program to control sucking pests infesting garden bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Egypt.
Production of biopesticides in an in situ cell retention bioreactor.
In vitro production of azadirachtin from cell suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica.
Larvicidal and antifeedant activity of some plant-derived compounds to Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Limantriidae).
Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Synthesis of natural products from the Indian neem tree Azadirachta indica.
Total synthesis of azadirachtin--finally completed after 22 years.
Comparisons of ecorational and chemical insecticides against crucifer flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola.
Effect of azadirachtin on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and histology of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål).
Evaluation of the impact on entomocoenosis of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790).
Toxicity of neem pesticides on a fresh water loach, Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton Buchanan) of Darjeeling district in West Bengal.
Chemists synthesize a natural-born killer.
Effect of two azadirachtin formulations against adults of Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium confusum on different grain commodities.
Synthesis of azadirachtin: a long but successful journey.
A relay route for the synthesis of azadirachtin.
Acute, sublethal and combination effects of azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins on Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae.
Professional and consumer insecticides for management of adult Japanese beetle on hybrid tea rose.
Comparative evaluation and economic potential of ecorational versus chemical insecticides for crucifer flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management in Canola.
Development and evaluation of thin-layer chromatography-digital image-based analysis for the quantitation of the botanical pesticide azadirachtin in agricultural matrixes and commercial formulations: comparison with ELISA.
Determination of three natural pesticides in processed fruit and vegetables using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Larvicidal effects of a neem (Azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
In silico approach of azadirachtin binding with actins.
Actin cytoskeleton as a putative target of the neem limonoid Azadirachtin A.
Knockdown, residual, and antifeedant activity of pyrethroids and home landscape bioinsecticides against Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on Linden foliage.
Effects of azadirachtin, abamectin, and spinosad on sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in the humid tropics.
Purification of the seven tetranortriterpenoids in neem (Azadirachta indica) seed by counter-current chromatography sequentially followed by isocratic preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Behavioral responses of Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to Azadirex (neem)-treated host plants.
Effects of pesticide applications and cultural controls on efficacy of control for adult Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on roses.
Identification of a putative azadirachtin-binding complex from Drosophila Kc167 cells.
Trypanosoma cruzi: attachment to perimicrovillar membrane glycoproteins of Rhodnius prolixus.
Synthetic study towards azadirachtin: an efficient and stereoselective construction of the AB rings with full functionality.
Residues and persistence of neem formulations on strawberry after field treatment.
Impact of azadirachtin, an insecticidal allelochemical from neem on soil microflora, enzyme and respiratory activities.
Impact of the botanical insecticide Neem Azal on survival and reproduction of the biting louse Damalinia limbata on angora goats.
Effects of azadirachtin on six inorganic cation distributions in Ostrinia furnacalis (G.).
The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae).
Enhanced production of azadirachtin by hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica A. Juss by elicitation and media optimization.
Repellency of MyggA Natural spray (para-menthane-3,8-diol) and RB86 (neem oil) against the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the field in east-central Sweden.
Effects of a neem extract on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure in Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).
Lack of toxic effect of technical azadirachtin during postnatal development of rats.
Efficacy of eight larvicidal botanical extracts from Khaya senegalensis and Daucus carota against Culex annulirostris.
Native Kenyan plants as possible alternatives to methyl bromide in soil fumigation.
Azadirachtin-A and tetrahydroazadirachtin-A concentrates: preparation, LC-MS characterization and insect antifeedant/IGR activity against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner).
Cellular immune response in Rhodnius prolixus: role of ecdysone in hemocyte phagocytosis.
Soil application of azadirachtin and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol to control western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): translocation and persistence in bean plants.
Field evaluations of systemic insecticides for control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China.
Cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects induced by a non terpenoid polar extract of A. indica seeds on 3T6 murine fibroblasts in culture.
Effects of azadirachtin on the development and mortality of Lutzomyia longipalpis larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).
Management of cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with a novel transplant soak and biorational insecticides to conserve coccinellid beetles.
Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of systemic insecticides for Control of Anoplophora glabripennis and Plectrodera scalator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
Effects of azadirachtin on mortality, fertilization, and swimming speed in larvae of the cane toad, Bufo marinus (Anura: Bufonidae).
Neem seed extract containing azadirachtin affects mortality, growth, and immunological function in the whipscorpion Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) (Arachnida, Uropygi).
Resistance and cross-resistance in populations of the leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis pyrusana , in Washington apples.
Larvicidal activity of a neem tree extract (Neemarin) against mosquito larvae in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Insecticidal effect of NeemAzal against three stored-product beetle species on rye and oats.
Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.
[Controlling effects of plant extracts and pesticides on Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi populations].
Fast and versatile multiresidue method for the analysis of botanical insecticides on fruits and vegetables by HPLC/DAD/MS.
Necessity of a two-stage process for the production of azadirachtin-related limonoids in suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica.
Experience-altered oviposition responses to a neem-based product, Neemix, by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
The toxicity and behavioural effects of neem limonoids on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), the rice leaffolder.
[Bioactivity of azadirachtin and its field efficiency against Spodoptera litura].
The effects of four insect growth-regulating (IGR) insecticides on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colony development, queen rearing and drone sperm production.
Comparative effectiveness of different insecticides for organic management of blueberry maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Effect of neem limonoids on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).
Azadirachtin derivatives from seed kernels of Azadirachta excelsa.
Efficacy of Bauveria bassiana for red flour beetle when applied with plant essential oils or in mineral oil and organosilicone carriers.
Biological studies of azadirachtin and its derivatives against polyphagous pest, Spodoptera litura.
Inclusion complexes of azadirachtin with native and methylated cyclodextrins: solubilization and binding ability.
Azadirachtin-impregnated traps for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae.
Effects of neem and spinosad on Ceratothripoides claratris (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an important vegetable pest in Thailand, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
Studies toward the synthesis of azadirachtin, part 2: construction of fully functionalized ABCD ring frameworks and unusual intramolecular reactions induced by close-proximity effects.
Studies toward the synthesis of azadirachtin, part 1: total synthesis of a fully functionalized ABC ring framework and coupling with a norbornene domain.
Effects of azadirachtin on Beet soilborne pomovirus and soil biological properties on sugar beet.
Effects of azadirachtin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).
[Bioassay on oviposition repellency of non-preferable plant extracts against citrus red mite Panonychus citri].
Bioefficacy and mode-of-action of some limonoids of salannin group from Azadirachta indica A. Juss and their role in a multicomponent system against lepidopteran larvae.
Effect of temperature on efficacy of insecticides to differential grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae).
Compatibility of an organically based insect control program with honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination in cantaloupes.
Effects of insect growth regulators on citrus mealybug parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
Acute toxic effects of neem-based insecticides on crustaceans.
Alterations in acetylcholinesterase and electrical activity in the nervous system of cockroach exposed to the neem derivative, azadirachtin.
Aquatic mesocosm assessments of a neem (azadirachtin) insecticide at environmentally realistic concentrations--2: zooplankton community responses and recovery.
Fate and effects of azadirachtin in aquatic mesocosms--1: fate in water and bottom sediments.
Effects of plant-derived compounds on larvae of a blow fly species that causes secondary myiases: laboratory studies.
New mosquito larvicidal tetranortriterpenoids from Turraea wakefieldii and Turraea floribunda.
Behavioral and developmental effects of neem extracts on Clavigralla scutellaris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and its egg parasitoid, Gryon fulviventre (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).
Effects of azadirachtin/Neemazal on different stages and adult life table parameters of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
Safety evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides.
Suppression of branches in Eucalyptus trees.
Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish.
Comparing greenhouse sprayers: the dose-transfer process.
Comparison of anti-feedant and insecticidal activity of nimbin and salannin photo-oxidation products with neem (Azadirachta indica) limonoids.
Deterrent effects of four neem-based formulations on gravid female boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding and oviposition on cotton squares.
Ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides.
Some ecological implications of a neem (azadirachtin) insecticide disturbance to zooplankton communities in forest pond enclosures.
Influence of azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide, on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) reproduction: toxicity and ultrastructural approach.
Analysis of neem oils by LC-MS and degradation kinetics of azadirachtin-A in a controlled environment. Characterization of degradation products by HPLC-MS-MS.
Laboratory evaluation of selective pesticides against the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae).
[Sublethal effects of insecticides on fecundity of multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis].
Acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae).
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for the determination of diamondback moth esterase activity.
Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of insect growth regulators and other novel insecticides on pupae of Hyposoter didmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of early larval instars of lepidopteran pests.
[Evaluation of azadirachtin against striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (F.)].
The toxic and anti-feedant activity of 2H-pyridazin-3-one-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles against the armyworm Pseudaletia separata (Walker) and other insects and mites.
Studies towards the synthesis of azadirachtin: enantioselective entry into the azadirachtin framework through cascade reactions.
Cytogenetic toxicity of neem.
Impact of soil management and two botanical insecticides on urease and invertase activity.
Photostabilizers for azadirachtin-A (a neem-based pesticide).
The antimitotic effect of the neem terpenoid azadirachtin on cultured insect cells.
An efficient method for the purification and characterization of nematicidal azadirachtins A, B, and H, using MPLC and ESIMS.
The effects of azadirachtin on the testes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål).
Azadirachtin potentiates the action of ecdysteroid agonist RH-2485 in Spodoptera littoralis.
In vitro effect of azadirachtin on aerobic bacteria of rat intestine.
Determination of abamectin and azadirachtin residues in orange samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
6beta-hydroxygedunin from Azadirachta indica. Its potentiation effects with some non-azadirachtin limonoids in neem against lepidopteran larvae.
First results of the application of a new Neemazal powder formulation in hydroponics against different pest insects.
Effect of ultraviolet light absorbers on photostabilization of azadirachtin-A in solution (part: II).
Lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on balsam fir sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae).
Combining azadirachtin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) to control Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).
Acute toxicity assessment of azadirachtin-based pesticides using murine hybridoma and oyster cells.
Highly selective entry to the azadirachtin skeleton via a Claisen rearrangement/radical cyclization sequence.
Variability in Neem (Azadirachta indica) with respect to azadirachtin content.
Effects of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP 88 and azadirachtin on the immune defence response and prophenoloxidase of Parasarcophaga surcoufi larvae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).
Antifeedant and insecticide properties of a limonoid from Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) with potential use for pest management.
Azadirachtin disrupts formation of organised microtubule arrays during microgametogenesis of Plasmodium berghei.
Synthesis and antifeedant activity of new oxadiazolyl 3(2H)-pyridazinones.
Determination of azadirachtin and fatty acid methyl esters of Azadirachta indica seeds by HPLC and GLC.
Azadirachtol, a tetranortriterpenoid from neem kernels.
Effect of some ultraviolet light absorbers on photo-stabilization of azadirachtin-A.
Effects of neem-based and chemical insecticides on some arthropods in alfalfa.
Respiratory metabolic responsiveness during the pupal stage of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to certain plant extracts.
Feeding deterrence and contact toxicity of Stemona alkaloids-a source of potent natural insecticides.
Potent limonoid insect antifeedant from Melia azedarach.
Effect of neem seed extract on feeding, growth, survival, and reproduction of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
Studies aimed at the total synthesis of azadirachtin. A modeled connection of C-8 and C-14 in azadirachtin.
Ultrastructural changes in the corpus allatum after azadirachtin and 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment in adult females of Labidura riparia (Dermaptera).
Insect antifeedant activity of tetranortriterpenoids from the Rutales. A perusal of structural relations.
Fate and persistence of Azadirachtin a following applications to mesocosms in a small forest lake.
Model studies towards azadirachtin: part 2. Construction of the crowded C8-C14 bond by transition metal chemistry.
Model studies towards azadirachtin: part 1. Construction of the crowded C8-C14 bond by radical chemistry.
Persistence of azadirachtin residues on olives after field treatment.
In vitro evaluation on inhibitory nature of some Neem formulations against plant pathogenic fungi.
Identification of alternatives for the management of foliar nematodes in floriculture.
In vitro acaricidal effect of plant extract of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on egg, immature, and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae).
Effect of surfactants on persistence of azadirachtin-A (neem based pesticide).
The effects of phytochemical pesticides on the growth of cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells.
Toxicity of biorational insecticides: activity against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer).
DNA synthesis in the imaginal wing discs of the American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner).
Community-level disruptions among zooplankton of pond mesocosms treated with a neem (azadirachtin) insecticide.
Comparative toxicity of two azadirachtin-based neem pesticides to Daphnia pulex.
Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae).
Inhibitory potential of neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on dengue virus type-2 replication.
Azadirachtin and cypermethrin induced alterations in electrophysiological properties of sensory and interneurons in Periplaneta americana.
Influence of operating parameters on the use of the microwave-assisted process (MAP) for the extraction of azadirachtin-related limonoids from neem (Azadirachta indica) under atmospheric pressure conditions.
Assessment of embryo/fetotoxicity and teratogenicity of azadirachtin in rats.
Determination of azadirachtin in agricultural matrixes and commercial formulations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Population-level effects of the neem insecticide, Neemix, on Daphnia pulex.
Sustainable soil management practices and quality of potato grown on erodible lands.
Pesticidal properties of parthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds.
Immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters).
Azadirachtin, a neem biopesticide: subchronic toxicity assessment in rats.
Multivariate calibration for the determination of total azadirachtin-related limonoids and simple terpenoids in neem extracts using vanillin assay.
Characterization of azadirachtin binding to Sf9 nuclei in vitro.
Growth inhibitory and antifeedant activity of extracts from Melia dubia to Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera larvae.
Cytotoxicity of azadirachtin A in human glioblastoma cell lines.
Variations in fatty acid composition of neem seeds collected from the Rajasthan state of India.
Insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives from Aglaia spectabilis (Meliaceae).
Effect of emulsion size and shelf life of azadirachtin A on the bioefficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) emulsifiable concentrates.
Rapid and sensitive analysis of azadirachtin and related triterpenoids from Neem (Azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
The toxicity of a neem insecticide to populations of culicidae and other aquatic invertebrates as assessed in in situ microcosms.
Effect of fatty acids and oils on photodegradation of azadirachtin-A.
Biological factors involving Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle in the invertebrate vector, Rhodnius prolixus.
Field evaluation of integrated pest management-compatible pesticides for the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
Comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), their mite parasites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascophaera apis.
Structure-antifeedant activity relationship of clerodane diterpenoids. Comparative study with withanolides and azadirachtin.
Biotechnological production of plant-based insecticides.
Two new meliacarpinins from the roots of Melia azedarach.
Effects of neem products containing azadirachtin on blood feeding, fecundity, and survivorship of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Insecticidal activity of Maytenus species (Celastraceae) nortriterpene quinone methides against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae).
Interactions of a nucleopolyhedrovirus with azadirachtin and imidacloprid.
Effect of different combinations of MGK-264 or piperonyl butoxide with plant-derived molluscicides on snail reproduction.
Characterization of an ursane triterpenoid from centella asiatica with growth inhibitory activity against spilarctia obliqua.
Extraction of azadirachtin A from neem seed kernels by supercritical fluid and its evaluation by HPLC and LC/MS.
Extraction and colorimetric determination of azadirachtin-related limonoids in neem seed kernel.
Stabilization of azadirachtin A in neem formulations: effect of some solid carriers, neem oil, and stabilizers.
Rapid preconcentration method for the determination of azadirachtin-A and -B, nimbin and salannin in neem oil samples by using graphitised carbon solid phase extraction.
Acute lethal and sublethal effects of a neem-based insecticide on nontarget aquatic insects in stream channels.
Two novel azadirachtin derivatives from azadirachta indica
Activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance.
Extracellular and intracellular actions of azadirachtin on the electrophysiological properties of cultured rat DRG neurones.
Influence of brain and azadirachtin on Trypanosoma cruzi development in the vector, Rhodnius prolixus.
The effect of azadirachtin on Blastocrithidia triatomae and Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatoma infestans (Insecta, Hemiptera).
Prolonged murine genotoxic effects of crude extracted from neem.
Antifeedancy of neem products containing Azadirachtin against Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Bisamides, lignans, triterpenes, and insecticidal Cyclopenta[b]benzofurans from Aglaia species.
Ovicidal activity of neem products (azadirachtin) against Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Endocrine and neuroendocrine effects of Azadirachtin in adult females of the earwig Labidura riparia.
The effect of azadirachtin on fresh isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi in different species of triatomines.
Effects of azadirachtin on Ctenocephalides felis in the dog and the cat.
Reproductive potential: its influence on the susceptibility of a species to pesticides.
Nontarget effects of neem-based insecticides on aquatic invertebrates.
Effects of azadirachtin on mortality, growth, and immunological function in the wolf spider, Schizocosa episina (Araneae: Lycosidae).
Effects of the neem tree compounds azadirachtin, salannin, nimbin, and 6-desacetylnimbin on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity.
Effect of azadirachtin A on the fine structure of the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus.
Effect of Azadirachtin on vitellogenesis of Labidura riparia (Insect Dermaptera).
Autoradiographic localization of [22,23-(3)H(2)] dihydroazadirachtin binding sites in desert locust testes and effects of Azadirachtin on sperm motility.
The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor.
Insect antifeedant and growth-regulating activities of Salannin and other c-seco limonoids from neem oil in relation to Azadirachtin.
Cytotoxic azadirachtin-type limonoids from Melia azedarach.
Molluscicidal activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss).
Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile pacific northwest salmon of azadirachtin, neem extract, and neem-based products.
Cytotoxicity of nimbolide, epoxyazadiradione and other limonoids from neem insecticide.
Evaluation of non-conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep.
Patents on native technology challenged.
Cytotoxic limonoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Melia azedarach.
Preliminary laboratory trial of Neem on anopheles and culex larvae in Zambia.
An examination of the potential "genotoxic" carcinogenicity of a biopesticide derived from the neem tree.
The effect of NeemAzal on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
Sexual development of malaria parasites is inhibited in vitro by the neem extract azadirachtin, and its semi-synthetic analogues.
The effect of azadirachtin on the midgut histology of the locusts, Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria.
The effect of invertebrate hormones and potential hormone inhibitors on the third larval moult of the filarial nematode, Dirofilaria immitis, in vitro.
Antifeedant activity of extracts from neem,Azadirachta indica, to strawberry aphid,Chaetosiphon fragaefolii.
Azadirachtin inhibits proliferation of Sf 9 cells in monolayer culture.
Evaluation of neem, Azadirachta indica, with and without water management, for the control of culicine mosquito larvae in rice-fields.
Effect of azadirachtin on the development of Trypanosoma cruzi in different species of triatomine insect vectors: long-term and comparative studies.
Village pharmacy. The neem tree yields products from pesticides to soap.
Effect of some natural pesticides on entomogenous muscardine fungi.
Meliaceae and rutaceae limonoids as termite antifeedants evaluated usingReticulitermes speratus kolbe (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).
A biopesticidal tree begins to blossom.
Azadirachtin A interferes with control of serotonin pools in the neuroendocrine system of locusts.
Effects of azadirachtin on Rhodnius prolixus: immunity and Trypanosoma interaction.
Effects of azadirachtin in Rhodnius prolixus: data and hypotheses.
Effect of azadirachtin on Mesocyclops leuckarti sensu lato, vector of dracunculiasis.
Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica.
Short- and long-term effects of azadirachtin A on development and egg production of Rhodnius prolixus.
Synthesis of antifeedants for insects: novel behaviour-modifying chemicals from plants.
Effects of potential inhibitors on Brugia pahangi in vitro: macrofilaricidal action and inhibition of microfilarial production.
Azadirachtin as a larvicide against the horn fly, stable fly, and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).
Chagas' disease and its insect vector. Effect of azadirachtin A on the interaction of a triatomine host (Rhodnius prolixus) and its parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi).
Azadirachtin inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection of its triatomine insect host, Rhodnius prolixus.
Evaluation of four azadirachtin rich fractions from neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (family: meliaceae) as mosquito larvicides.
Effects of precocene and azadirachtin on the development of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhodnius prolixus.
Effects of azadirachtin on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity.
A simplified isolation procedure for azadirachtin.
Effects of precocene and azadirachtin in Rhodnius prolixus: some data on development and reproduction.
Letter: Structure of the insect phagorepellent azadirachtin. Application of PRFT/CWD carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	Search
Export Tariff Code:	2932.90.5000
VCF-Online:	VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View
EFSA Update of results on the monitoring of furan levels in food:	Read Report
EFSA Previous report: Results on the monitoring of furan levels in food:	Read Report
EFSA Report of the CONTAM Panel on provisional findings on furan in food:	Read Report
Formulations/Preparations: •discontinued products: blokade, bollwhip, margosan-o, neemazad, turplex, surefire, and neemachtin •trade names: azatin ec, azatin technical and azatin-plus ec.

Suppliers

BOC Sciences	ExtraSynthese
Santa Cruz Biotechnology	Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Molecular weight	720.72290039062
Flash Point TCC Value	244.8 °C TCC
logP (o/w)	1.09
Solubility
water, 2.992 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
herbicides / pesticides
Recommendation for azadirachtin usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Recommendation for azadirachtin flavor usage levels up to:
	not for flavor use.

Safety references

EPI System: View

Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System:Search

AIDS Citations:Search

Cancer Citations:Search

Toxicology Citations:Search

EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data

EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry

Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :6436601

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data

WGK Germany:3

Chemidplus:0011141176