guanidine HCl

Guanidine HCl is a water-soluble chemical compound mainly used as a buffering agent with the formula C H6 Cl N3 and CAS number 50-01-1.

General Material Description

Guanidine HCl, also known as guanidine hydrochloride or amino(imino)methanaminium chloride, is a chemical compound comprising guanidinium and chloride ions, with the molecular formula C H6 Cl N3. This substance appears as a crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is widely utilized in laboratory and industrial contexts primarily as a buffering agent due to its ability to stabilize pH levels in aqueous solutions. The compound links to well-documented chemical databases such as ChEBI for detailed structural and property data. Guanidine HCl is commonly obtained by the neutralization of guanidine with hydrochloric acid, yielding a stable monohydrochloride salt.

Occurrence, Applicability & Potential Uses

Guanidine HCl occurs primarily as a synthetic salt derived from guanidine and hydrochloric acid rather than from natural biological sources. It finds application in biochemical and chemical laboratories as a buffering agent to maintain pH stability in various experimental protocols. Additionally, this compound is employed in industrial processes necessitating controlled pH environments. Safety recommendations limit its use, and it is not approved for flavor or fragrance applications according to standards such as REACH (EU). The compound's role as a buffering agent is vital for maintaining consistent chemical conditions necessary in analytical and preparative techniques where acid-base equilibrium is critical.

Physico-Chemical Properties Summary

The physicochemical profile of guanidine HCl includes high solubility in water at 25 °C, facilitating its use in aqueous systems. The molecular weight is approximately 95.53 g/mol, derived from its molecular formula C H6 Cl N3. The flash point is recorded at 32 °F (0 °C), indicating volatility under specific conditions. These properties influence formulation strategies where solubility and thermal stability are crucial. Its ionic nature contributes to robust dissociation in solution, supporting its function as an effective buffering agent. The compound’s crystalline form and hygroscopic nature further affect handling and storage requirements in manufacturing and laboratory environments.

FAQ

What is guanidine HCl and what are its main characteristics?

Guanidine HCl, or guanidine hydrochloride, is a chemical salt formed by the reaction of guanidine with hydrochloric acid. It appears as a water-soluble crystalline solid with the molecular formula C H6 Cl N3. The compound is primarily used as a buffering agent in various chemical and biochemical applications to maintain stable pH conditions. It has multiple synonyms including amino(imino)methanaminium chloride and guanidinium chloride.

How is guanidine HCl used and where does it commonly occur?

Guanidine HCl is synthesized rather than found naturally, produced by neutralizing guanidine with hydrochloric acid. Its main use is as a buffering agent in laboratory and industrial settings to stabilize the pH of solutions. This compound is not approved for use in flavors or fragrances but is important in analytical chemistry, protein denaturation studies, and other processes requiring consistent acid-base conditions.

Are there any regulations or safety guidelines for guanidine HCl?

Guanidine HCl is regulated under frameworks such as REACH in Europe and is registered with identifiers including CAS number 50-01-1. Safety data indicate no classification hazards under OSHA regulations, but caution is warranted due to toxicity at high doses in animal studies. Usage recommendations restrict it to non-fragrance and non-flavor applications. Comprehensive safety data sheets and regulatory information are available through authoritative sources including ECHA and the FDA UNII database.

US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents

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Literature & References

	guanidine;hydrochloride
NIST Chemistry WebBook:	Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List:	50-01-1
Pubchem (cid):	5742
Pubchem (sid):	134970848

Publications by PubMed
Caseins from bovine colostrum and milk strongly bind piscidin-1, an antimicrobial peptide from fish.
Synergistic effects of guanidine-grafted CMC on enhancing antimicrobial activity and dry strength of paper.
Lipopolysaccharide induced conversion of recombinant prion protein.
Biochemical and atomic force microscopic characterization of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan.
Aggregation and adhesion properties of 22 Lactobacillus strains.
Enhanced inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus by combinations of porcine interferon-α and antiviral agents.
Akwaton, polyhexamethylene-guanidine hydrochloride-based sporicidal disinfectant: a novel tool to fight bacterial spores and nosocomial infections.
Antimicrobial activities of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant against fungi isolated from cocoa beans and reference strains of bacteria.
Comparison of three DNA extraction methods for feed products and four amplification methods for the 5'-junction fragment of Roundup Ready soybean.
Fluorescence studies on the stability, flexibility and substrate-induced conformational changes of acetate kinases from psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria.
LogSpin: a simple, economical and fast method for RNA isolation from infected or healthy plants and other eukaryotic tissues.
Biophysical studies of an NAD(P)(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from Bacillus licheniformis.
Deactivation of soybean agglutinin by enzymatic and other physical treatments.
Conformational and thermal properties of phaseolin, the major storage protein of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Technical note: comparing calibration methods for determination of protein in goat milk by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Characterization of functional intermediates of endoglucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus during urea and guanidine hydrochloride unfolding.
Development of an optimized ELISA and a sample preparation method for the detection of beta-lactoglobulin traces in baby foods.
Interaction of chaperone alpha-crystallin with unfolded state of alpha-amylase: Implications for reconstitution of the active enzyme.
Identification and characterization of ambroxol as an enzyme enhancement agent for Gaucher disease.
Methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside enhances the enzymatic activity of recombinant beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies in the araBAD promoter system of Escherichia coli.
Moisture-induced aggregation of whey proteins in a protein/buffer model system.
Isolation of surface (S) layer protein carrying Lactobacillus species from porcine intestine and faeces and characterization of their adhesion properties to different host tissues.
Effect of ionic detergents, nonionic detergents, and chaotropic agents on polyphenol oxidase activity from dormant saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corms.
Multiplexed detection of mycotoxins in foods with a regenerable array.
Refolding and activation of human prorenin expressed in Escherichia coli: application of recombinant human renin for inhibitor screening.
Conformational stability of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus.
Bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of chitosan ester in rabbit serum by HPLC with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization.
Dimerization specificity of adult and neonatal chicken skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain rods.
Assay of bone morphogenetic protein-2, -4, and -7 in human demineralized bone matrix.
Modification of beta-lactoglobulin by oligofructose: impact on protein adsorption at the air-water interface.
Rice allergenic proteins, 14-16 kDa albumin and alpha-globulin, remain insoluble in rice grains recovered from rice miso (rice-containing fermented soybean paste).
Development of a general procedure for complete extraction of gliadins for heat processed and unheated foods.
The production of recombinant APRP, an alkaline protease derived from Bacillus pumilus TYO-67, by in vitro refolding of pro-enzyme fixed on a solid surface.
Study on Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase conformation by phosphorimetry in the presence of denaturant.
Chemical processing as a tool to generate ovalbumin variants with changed stability.
Reversible denaturation behavior of immobilized glucose oxidase.
A tetrodotoxin-binding protein in the hemolymph of shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus: purification and properties.
Reductive unfolding and oxidative refolding of a Bowman-Birk inhibitor from horsegram seeds (Dolichos biflorus): evidence for "hyperreactive" disulfide bonds and rate-limiting nature of disulfide isomerization in folding.
The folding of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor: kinetic vs equilibrium control.
Functional implications of the beta-helical protein fold: differences in chemical and thermal stabilities of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 pectate lyases B, C, and E.
Structural and functional consequences of removal of the interdomain disulfide bridge from the isolated C-lobe of ovotransferrin.
Unfolding of multimeric proteins in presence of denaturants. A case study of helianthinin from Helianthus annuus L.
Determination of molecular weight of agars and effect of the molecular weight on the glass transition.
Reusability of avidin-biotinylated immunoglobulin Y columns in immunoaffinity chromatography.
Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti (Cervus elaphus).
Quantitative analysis of Gly m Bd 28K in soybean products by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Effects of roxarsone and monensin on digital flexoral tendons of broiler chickens.
Assessment of the protein quality of the smooth muscle myofibrillar and connective tissue proteins of chicken gizzard.
Status of Cys residues in the covalent structure of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B, and E.
High-level expression of bovine beta-lactoglobulin in Pichia pastoris and characterization of its physical properties.
Chemical and thermal stability of ferulic acid esterase-III from Aspergillus niger.
Seminested RT-PCR systems for small round structured viruses and detection of enteric viruses in seafood.
The detection of kinetic intermediates during the unfolding of lipoxygenase-1 by urea or guanidine hydrochloride.
Physical, biochemical, and immunological characterization of a thermostable amidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTR 1.
Aggregated form of dextransucrases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F and its constitutive mutant.
Role of disulfide linkages in structure and activity of proteinase inhibitor from horsegram (Dolichos biflorus).
A comparison of methods for determining total body protein.
Interaction of guanidine hydrochloride and guanidine thiocyanate with wheat germ lipase.
Retrospective study of 108 cases of botulism in Poitiers, France.
Thermostable variants of bovine beta-lactoglobulin.
In vitro self-assembly of the S layer subunits from Clostridium difficile GAI 0714 into tetragonal arrays.
Isolation and renaturation of bio-active proteins expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies.
O-glycosylation and stability. Unfolding of glucoamylase induced by heat and guanidine hydrochloride.
Active papain renatured and processed from insoluble recombinant propapain expressed in Escherichia coli.
Molecular stability of chicken and rabbit immunoglobulin G.
Determination of profiles of non-collagenous proteins from rat bones by sodium dodecyl sulfate high-performance liquid chromatography.
Nature of the tryptic/chymotryptic inhibitor from horsegram (Dolichos biflorus).
Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua.
A kinetic and equilibrium study of the denaturation of aspartic proteinases from the fungi, Endothia parasitica and Mucor miehei.
Denaturation behavior of phaseolin in urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions.
Competing solvent effects of polyols and guanidine hydrochloride on protein stability.
Expression of recombinant bovine beta-lactoglobulin in Escherichia coli.
Freezing denaturation of ovalbumin at acid pH.
The binding of 3H-labelled androgen-receptor complexes to hypothalamic chromatin of neonatal mice: effect of sex and androgenization.
Single site proteolysis in silkworm antitrypsin causes structural changes in behavior against denaturing reagents.
Influence of glycosylation on the oligomeric structure of yeast acid phosphatase.
Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic fibrils from treponemes.
Characterization and reassembly of a regular array in the cell wall of Clostridium difficile GAI 4131.
Manganese rickets. A biochemical and stereologic study with special reference to the effect of phosphate.
Isolation and characterization of rat intestinal polyribosomes and RNA during absorption of fat. Increased translation in vitro of apo-AIV.
Species identification of cooked meats by enzyme-staining of isoelectricfocusing gels.
Wheat Storage Proteins : ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GLIADIN MESSENGER RNAs.
Absorption, excretion, and metabolism of 1,3-bis(p-chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (Robenz robenidine hydrochloride) in the chicken.
Absorption, excretion, and metabolism of robenz, robenidine hydrochloride (1,3-bis(p-chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride), in the rat.

Other Information

(IUPAC):	Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos:	The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc:	Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC):	Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI:	View
CHEMBL:	View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):	HMDB01842
Export Tariff Code:	2925.20.5000
ChemSpider:	View
Wikipedia:	View

General Material Information

Preferred name	guanidine HCl
Trivial Name	Guanidine hydrochloride
Short Description	guanidine, hydrochloride (1:1)
Formula	C H6 Cl N3
CAS Number	50-01-1
Deleted CAS Number	106946-18-3
ECHA Number	200-002-3
FDA UNII	3YQC9ZY4YB
Beilstein Number	3591990
MDL	MFCD00013026
Bio Activity Summary	External link
NMR Predictor	External link
Synonyms	amino(imino)methanaminium chloride diaminomethaniminium chloride guanidine hydrochloride guanidine hydrochloride (1:1) guanidine monohydrochloride guanidine, hydrochloride (1:1) guanidine;hydrochloride guanidinium hydrochloride Guanidine, monohydrochloride Guanidinium chloride Guanidine chloride Buffer AL

Suppliers

Allan Chemical	BOC Sciences
EMD Millipore	Glentham Life Sciences
Santa Cruz Biotechnology	Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma

PhysChem Properties

Material listed in food chemical codex	No
Molecular weight	95.53182220459
Flash Point TCC Value	N/a
Solubility
water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)	Yes

Safety Information

Safety information

Preferred SDS: View

Hazards identification

Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram

Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
intraarterial-guinea pig LDLo 500 mg/kg Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 131, Pg. 171, 1928. intravenous-guinea pig LDLo 500 mg/kg Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 131, Pg. 171, 1928. oral-mammal (species unspecified) LDLo 300 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR SPASTICITY) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA Journal of Industrial Hygiene. Vol. 13, Pg. 87, 1931. intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 500 mg/kg National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD277-689 oral-mouse LD50 571 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR SPASTICITY) BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: IRRITABILITY Acute Toxicity Data. Journal of the American College of Toxicology, Part B. Vol. 12, Pg. 598, 1993. oral-rat LD50 475 mg/kg GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA" BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A165-747
Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-dog LDLo 200 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1352, 1935. subcutaneous-guinea pig LDLo 100 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1352, 1935. skin-rabbit LD > 2000 mg/kg Acute Toxicity Data. Journal of the American College of Toxicology, Part B. Vol. 12, Pg. 596, 1993. subcutaneous-rat LDLo 404 mg/kg Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 28, Pg. 251, 1926.
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined

Safety in use information

Category:
buffering agents
Recommendation for guanidine HCl usage levels up to:
	not for fragrance use.

Recommendation for guanidine HCl flavor usage levels up to:
	not for flavor use.