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2-acetyl pyrazine
General Material Information
| Preferred name | 2-acetyl pyrazine |
| Trivial Name | Acetylpyrazine |
| Short Description | 1-pyrazin-2-ylethanone |
| Formula | C6 H6 N2 O |
| CAS Number | 22047-25-2 |
| Deleted CAS Number | 131922-02-6 |
| FEMA Number | 3126 |
| Flavis Number | 14.032 |
| ECHA Number | 244-753-5 |
| FDA UNII | GR391IBU5C |
| Nikkaji Number | J27.905F |
| MDL | MFCD00006134 |
| COE Number | 2286 |
| NMR Predictor | External link |
| JECFA Food Flavoring | 784 2-acetylpyrazine |
| FDA Patent | No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances |
| FDA Mainterm | 22047-25-2 ; ACETYLPYRAZINE |
| Synonyms |
|
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / Scholar / Patents
| Google Scholar | Start search |
| Google Books | Start search |
| Google Patents | Start search |
| Perfumer & Flavorists | Start search |
| EU Patents | Start search |
| PubMeb | Start search |
| NCBI | Start search |
Literature & References
| 1-pyrazin-2-ylethanone | |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 22047-25-2 |
| Pubchem (cid): | 30914 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134993897 |
| Flavornet: | 22047-25-2 |
Other Information
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB31861 |
| FooDB: | FDB008545 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2933.99.9700 |
| VCF-Online: | VCF Volatile Compounds in Food |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
Suppliers
PhysChem Properties
| Material listed in food chemical codex | Yes |
| Molecular weight | 122.12702178955 |
| Melting Point | 76 to 78°C @ 760 mm Hg |
| Boiling Point | 188 to 190°C @ 760 mm Hg |
| Vapor Pressure | 0.188 mmHg @ 25 °C |
| Flash Point TCC Value | 100 °C TCC |
| logP (o/w) | 0.2 |
| Shelf life | 24 months (or longer if stored properly.) |
| Storage notes | Store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
| Solubility | |
| alcohol | Yes |
| dipropylene glycol | Yes |
| water, 6.652e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | Yes |
| water, 6.65E+04 mg/L @ C (exp) | Yes |
Organoleptic Properties
| Odor Type: Popcorn | |
| popcorn, nutty, corn chip, bread crust, chocolate, hazelnut, coffee, musty, roasted, potato | |
| Odor strength | very high , recommend smelling in a 0.10 % solution or less |
| Substantivity | 400 hour(s) at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol |
| Luebke, William tgsc, (1996) | At 0.10 % in propylene glycol. popcorn nutty corn chip bread crust chocolate hazelnut coffee |
| Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 1, 41, (1992) | Musty, roasted, corn chip, popcorn, nutty and potato-like |
| Flavor Type: Roasted | |
| roasted, nutty, bready, yeasty, popcorn, corn chip | |
| Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 1, 41, (1992) | At 10.00 ppm. Roasted, nutty, bready and yeasty, with popcorn and corn chip nuances |
| Used not only for popcorn type flavours, but also in roast nut flavours (hazelnut, peanut, almond), chocolate, bread and yeast type flavors. 2-Acetylpyrazine and 2-acetylthiazole both have aromas similar to the non-GRAS material 2-acetylpyrroline which is an important character impact compound in aromatic rice, bread crust and popcorn. Normal use levels in finished consumer product: 0.05-5 ppm. Council of Europe limits: foods (5 ppm); beverages (5 ppm). | Nutty |
| General comment | Chocolate, popcorn in dilution (10ppm) |
Occurrences
| (data available) |
Potential Uses
| Applications | |
| Odor purposes | Acorn , Bread baked bread , Coffee , Filbert , Gingerbread , Graham cracker , Hazelnut , Peanut , Pizza , Popcorn |
| Flavoring purposes | Almond toasted almond , Barley , Bread crust , Bread rye bread , Bread wheat bread , Bread white bread , Cake , Cashew , Chocolate cocoa , Corn chip , Nut roasted nut , Pecan , Pistachio , Sesame , Taco |
| Other purposes | Toasted , Wheat |
| Cosmetic purposes | Perfuming agents |
Safety Information
Safety information
| Preferred SDS: View | |
| European information : | |
| Most important hazard(s): | |
| Xi - Irritant | |
| R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. | |
| Hazards identification | |
| Classification of the substance or mixture | |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) | |
| Skin irritation (Category 2), H315 Eye irritation (Category 2A), H319 Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3), Respiratory system, H335 | |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements | |
| Pictogram | |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statement(s) | |
| H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation | |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| P261 - Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P264 - Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P302 + P352 - IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. P304 + P340 - IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P305 + P351 + P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P312 - Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. P332 + P313 - IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P337 + P313 - IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. P362 - Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. P403 + P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P405 - Store locked up. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant. | |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | |
| gavage-rat LD50 [sex: M,F] > 3000 mg/kg (Posternak et al., 1975) | |
| Dermal Toxicity: | |
| Not determined | |
| Inhalation Toxicity: | |
| Not determined | |
Safety in use information
| Category: | |||
| flavor and fragrance agents | |||
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search | |||
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice | |||
| Recommendation for 2-acetyl pyrazine usage levels up to: | |||
| 0.0500 % in the fragrance concentrate. | |||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 12.00 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 120.00 (μg/capita/day) | ||
| Structure Class: | II | ||
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). | |||
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library | |||
| publication number: 4 | |||
| Click here to view publication 4 | |||
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm | ||
| baked goods: | - | 5.00000 | |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 5.00000 | |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - | |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - | |
| cheese: | - | - | |
| chewing gum: | - | - | |
| condiments / relishes: | - | - | |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - | |
| egg products: | - | - | |
| fats / oils: | - | - | |
| fish products: | - | - | |
| frozen dairy: | - | 5.00000 | |
| fruit ices: | - | 5.00000 | |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - | |
| granulated sugar: | - | - | |
| gravies: | - | - | |
| hard candy: | - | 5.00000 | |
| imitation dairy: | - | - | |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - | |
| jams / jellies: | - | - | |
| meat products: | - | - | |
| milk products: | - | - | |
| nut products: | - | - | |
| other grains: | - | - | |
| poultry: | - | - | |
| processed fruits: | - | - | |
| processed vegetables: | - | - | |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - | |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - | |
| snack foods: | - | - | |
| soft candy: | - | - | |
| soups: | - | - | |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - | |
| sweet sauces: | - | - | |
Safety references
| European Food Safety Athority(EFSA):Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
| European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
| Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 17 (FGE.17): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
| Flavouring Group Evaluation 50 (FGE.50): Consideration of pyrazine derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to pyrazine derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.17 (2005) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
| Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 1 (FGE.17Rev1): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) [1] View page or View pdf |
| Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 2 (FGE.17Rev2): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 View page or View pdf |
| Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 50, Revision 1 (FGE.50Rev1): Consideration of pyrazine derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to pyrazine derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.17Rev2 (2010) View page or View pdf |
| Safety and efficacy of pyrazine derivatives including saturated ones belonging to chemical group 24 when used as flavourings for all animal species View page or View pdf |
| EPI System: View |
| AIDS Citations:Search |
| Cancer Citations:Search |
| Toxicology Citations:Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA):22047-25-2 |
| EPA ACToR:Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS):Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :30914 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
| WGK Germany:2 |
| 1-pyrazin-2-ylethanone |
| Chemidplus:0022047252 |